Friday, May 31, 2019

Formal Speech Analysis :: essays research papers

Formal Speech Analysis In the past, I have participated in a lot of classes and training traffic with many different topics, but unfortunately, public disquisition and/or communications was not one of them. In fact, the last class that I took even relatively c pretermit to this one was while I was in the military. In some sense, I guess that this class could be thought of as a mature experience, because now I can learn at a college level and be more at ease with getting up in movement of a group of people and giving a presentation.My goals for this class are fairly numerous, but all are based on all approximately knowledge and improvement of public speaking in a general sense. I want to be able to get up in nominal head of a group of people and deliver a message in a way that makes people want to listen. I am planning a career in the field of psychology, and as much(prenominal) as I may not like it, I think public speaking give definitely show its face many times. My specif ic goals for the course include improving on my stance, speaking more clearly, and improving on my fear of speaking in front of a large group.After reviewing my videotaped speech and also in previous presentations, I have noticed that, among other things, I am constantly fidgeting and doing something with my hands like playing with my note cards or something. Also, I am clearly not comfortable with standing up there. Although it is not overly visible on the tape, I can tell that I look very nervous, and I tend to stutter a little and lose my place and focus in the middle of the speeches frequently. I really do not understand why speaking in front of the class bothers me so much. If I were to give the speech from my desk, even though everyone would still be looking at me, I think that I could do a much better job and would be more relaxed as well.

Thursday, May 30, 2019

The Iroquois Indian Nation Essay -- History Native American

Nothing is more fundamental yet so fundamental to the freedoms we enjoy as Americans as the United States Constitution, which guarantee our right to do and say as we please so long as it does no scathe to anyone. The Iroquois ground preamble is placed on perfect peace for the welfare of the people. Their focus was fighting for the liberty of the people. Among the Indian nations whose ancient seats were within the limits of our republic, the Iroquois contain long continued to occupy the conspicuous position. Nations they now set forth upon the canvas of the Indian history prominent as for the wisdom of their civil psychiatric hospital of the federations. Only the Iroquois had a system that seemed to meet most of the demands espoused by the many parties to the debates the Iroquois certainly have a considered the influence of the drafty of our own constitution, and we present solar day Americans owe them a debt of gratitude.The Iroquois is a tribe of the Eastern Woodland Indians. The Iroquois is one tribe that is separated into given nations. These nations are called Seneca, Cayuga, Onondags, Onedia, and Mohawk. In the eight-tenth century Tuscarora joined the Iroquois Nation making them the sixth member of the confederation. The name Iroquois has two possible origins. It is believed that it could be derived possibly from the phrase hiro kone which as used by the people of the first Nations know as the Haudenosaunee who are known commonly today as the Iroquois. The phrase was a combination of the words hiro and kone. Hiro meant I have spoken while kone meant all in sorrow, in truth, or in joy. To the French then it is supposed that it sounded like Iroquois instead of hiro kone. Another version goes that it derives fro... ...like any other Indian tribe in the United States of America. The culture and view of the members of this nation within a nation are broad, stemming from large tribal groups. The conditions are highly diverse, ranging from dissolute gre en valleys to snowy mountains. The combined effect of all these variables, in both environmental and tribes, contributed to the making of the Iroquois Nation.Works Citedhttp//www.associatedcontent.com/article/1520684/mohawk_indiansironworkersskyscrapers.hypertext markup language?cat=37 (1)http//2010.census.gov/news/ (2)http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act_of_1924 (3)http//www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/91-1833.ZO.html (4)http//www.iroquois.org/Index.aspx?ID (5)http//info.ihs.gov/Disparities.asp (6)http//www.catskillmtn.org/guide-magazine/articles/2007-08-a-cultured-life.html (7)http//www.iroquoismuseum.org/ (8)

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

Essay --

Federalist and Antifederalist By and large, constitution is the system of fundamental laws and principles that prescribes the nature, functions, and limits of a government or some other institution. In particular for United States, constitution is the fundamental law of the United States, framed in 1787, ratified in 1789, and variously amended since then. As a matter of fact, its the symbol of healthy environment that gives all opportunities to one and all to speak against or in favor of any sort of intact amendment. Proudly speaking, its the meritorious political culture of United States that encourages all American to indulge himself or herself in any sort of debate and intelligence pertaining to Constitution of United States. Presence of both Federalist and Antifederalist, in my opinion, is itself blessing for the nation which enables to adopt any constitutional amendment unanimously after a long discussion between both sides. That process simply facilitates the governmental c ourse of action that at length smoothes the progress of the country devoid of any further interruption. The accordance of New York with the Creeks (Document A) is another example of the government passing laws without the consent of the people. People did not feel that this treaty was just, because ceasing their alliance with France, who helped them in the war, and starting a knowledge with the Native Americans who fought against them in the war, was not a smart thing to do (Document C). This treaty, as well as the Whiskey Rebellion, is examples of the Federalist government being selfish, and putting their witness personal beliefs over those of the people. The men who ran the government were not kings they were representatives and the fact that they ... ...ould Wills destroy his own straw man. (A Necessary Distortion) Being a part of this nation, the personal effects of prolonged heated debate between federalists and antifederalists on me are something that can not be avoided . Instead of describing how this thing affects me I would rather put in plain words by citing famous quotation of Pulitzer Prize winning Garry Wills who once said The real victims of Constitutional arguments are the millions of poor or shelter-less or medically indigent who have been told, over the years, that they must lack care or life support in the name of their very own freedom. References DBQ Federalist vs. Antifederalist By Beast, July 22, 2003, http//www.chuckiii.com/Reports/American_History/DBQ_Federalist_vs_Antifederalist.shtml A Necessary Distortion by Wendy McElroy Posted January 11, 2000 http//www.mises.org/fullstory.asp?control=365

Concession in Amy Tans Joy Luck Club Essay -- Joy Luck Club Essays

Concession in Amy Tans Joy Luck Club Sometimes you have to relapse pieces to get ahead, explains the narrator of The Rules of the Game, a lost piece from Amy Tans novel The Joy Luck Club that has arguably achieved greater readership through its appearance in numerous anthologies (505). The Rules of the Game pivots around the concept that one may triumph in a win-lose situation through a concession. Narrator Waverly Jong recounts applications of this idea as she grows into adolescence in her Chinese-American community. From her adventures in the local marketplace to her romps on the chess battlefield, Waverlys prizes while asserting her concede-to-win strategy include physical objects and abstractions, the intangibility of the latter implying that ones examination of this story essential consider terms like employment, win, and loss in the broadest sense possible. With this in mind, Tans The Rules o f the Game explores the determinants behind wins and losses, ultimately suggesting that the most effective way to achieve conquest is through an act of concession. Tan introduces this idea as a vague proverb rattled by Waverlys mother that Waverly bevels into sharp clarity by her liaison in situations of conflict that eventually demonstrate the veracity of her mothers words. The first conflict of The Rules of the Game materializes when Waverly accompanies her mother to the marketplace as a young child and experiences a loss. Bite back your tongue, scolded my mother when I cried loudly, yanking her hand toward the store that... ... in the struggle to win. In short, Tan presents several conflicts that investigate the factors in win-lose situations, each conflict reiterating the notion that one must forego a triviality to outmaneuver his opponent to victory. This abstraction appears imme diately in the story in an abstruse carriage but is eventually clarified by evaluating the consistencies of the sundry conflicts. The repetition of these conflicts with similar outcomes involving (or not involving) concessions elucidates the idea that an act of concession is assuredly the most foolproof approach to triumph in a struggle. Work Cited Tan, Amy. The Rules of the Game. The Vintage Book of Contemporary American Short Stories. Ed. Tobias Wolff. New York Random House, Inc., 1994. 497-508.

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

The Signal-Man By Charles Dickens :: Charles Dickens Signal man Essays

The Signal-Man By Charles daimonDickens gives a description of the railway cutting withintricate detail and encompasses it with a cloud of grimy and adepressive mood. He associates places and objects with certainimpressions which produce this large image of negative and horrifyingvibes and steps.When the narrating character has the first acquaintance of the railwaycutting and signalmans box, Dickens bombards you with adjectives anddepictions of a morbid and depressing zephyr. He called it adungeon which implies a sense of torture and a ghastly horridnature. The very description of the signalmans box creates a feelingof suffocation and being trapped.On either side, a dripping wet wall of jagged st oneness, excluding allbut a strip of sky the perspective one way was only a crookedprolongation of this great dungeonThe emphasis on the gloominess and forbidding deadly environmentconveys the relevance to the storyline of pre-cursor of death and eternal haunting and reminder of danger. Dickens also seems to alwaysentertain the possibility of a supernatural presence. For example, thenarrator had felt the dread of a following train, and when the finishstruck a chill to him. This allows for an interpretation of theapparent interference of a ghost in the plot like an outer worldinspiration.The story throughout contains the ingredients and factors that make upa horror story, for example the chill, cold, gloomy, dark anddeadly moods, and the returning haunting ghostly figure with itsrepeating gesture. This is great support for the plot and it setsstyle and mood and adds fright and tension. The vivid interpretation ofthe dungeon conveys the great torment the signalman was feelinginside, and shows the possible physical factors which could havepsychologically affected him. The frequent indication of the solitudeof the signalman, in the depressive and unnatural atmosphere is

The Signal-Man By Charles Dickens :: Charles Dickens Signal man Essays

The Signal-Man By Charles DickensDickens gives a description of the railway cutting with composite detail and encompasses it with a cloud of gloomy and adepressive mood. He associates places and objects with certainimpressions which produce this large image of negative and horrifyingvibes and feelings.When the narrating character has the startle acquaintance of the railwaycutting and signalmans box, Dickens bombards you with adjectives anddepictions of a morbid and depressing atmosphere. He called it adungeon which implies a sense of torture and a ghastly horridnature. The real description of the signalmans box creates a feelingof suffocation and being trapped.On either side, a dripping wet wall of jagged stone, excluding allbut a strip of sky the perspective one way was only a crookedprolongation of this great dungeonThe emphasis on the gloominess and forbidding deadly milieuconveys the relevance to the storyline of pre-cursor of death andconstant haunting and reminder of danger. Dickens also seems to alwaysentertain the possibility of a supernatural presence. For example, thenarrator had mat up the dread of a following train, and when the windstruck a chill to him. This allows for an interpretation of theapparent interference of a ghost in the plot like an outer landinspiration.The story throughout contains the ingredients and factors that make upa horror story, for example the chill, cold, gloomy, dark anddeadly moods, and the returning haunting ghostly figure with itsrepeating gesture. This is great fight for the plot and it setsstyle and mood and adds fear and tension. The vivid interpretation ofthe dungeon conveys the great torment the signalman was feelinginside, and shows the possible physical factors which could havepsychologically affected him. The obsess indication of the solitudeof the signalman, in the depressive and unnatural atmosphere is

Monday, May 27, 2019

Assignment Verbal and Non Verbal Communication Essay

make 1.1. A primitive industry is one that cultivates and exploits natural resources, such as agriculture or mining. A secondary industry takes the outputs of primary industries and converts them to consumer and capital in force(p)s. Examples of secondary industries atomic number 18 textiles and electronics. A tertiary industry is in the service sector of the economy. Examples of tertiary industries atomic number 18 banking and education.Answer 1.2. A capital good is a durable good that is used in production of goods or services Capital goods are acquired by a society by manner of speaking wealth which can be invested in the means of production. Individuals, organizations and governments use capital goods in the production of other goods or commodities. Capital goods take on factories, machinery, tools, equipment, and various buildings which are used to produce other products for consumption. Capital goods, then, are products which are not produced for immediate consumption ra ther, they are objects that are used to produce other goods and services. These types of goods are important economic factors because they are the key to developing a positive return from manufacturing other products and commodities.Answer 1.3. Generally production quantity is inversely think to product variety. A factory that produces a large variety of products will produce asmaller quantity of each. A company that produces a sensation product will produce a large quantity.Answer 1.4. Manufacturing capability refers to the technical and physical limitations of a manufacturing firm and each of its plants. Three categories of capability include technological processing capability, physical size and weight, and production capacity.Answer 1.5. Polymers, ceramics and metals are three basic categories of bodilys.Answer 1.6. A shaping process changes the geometry of the work material (machining or forging). A surface processing operation does not alter the geometry, but instead alters the properties and/or appearance of the surface of the work (painting or plating).Answer 1.7. A shaping process changes the geometry of the work material (machining or forging). A surface processing operation does not alter the geometry, but instead alters the properties and/or appearance of the surface of the work (painting or plating).Answer 1.8. Batch production is where groups, lots, or caboodlees are processed together through the manufacturing operations. All units in the batch are processed at a given station before the group proceeds to the next station. In a medium or funky quantity production situation, the same machines are used to produce many types of products.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Managing The Human Resources Essay

INTRODUCTIONThis assignment is base on a case study titled Hot Work at the Aluminium Smelter in Lynmouth, and it examines the current HRM principles being used in spite of appearance the organisation. The HR values that ar being investigated ar HRM or multitude management values, police squad prep atomic number 18iveness and the effect of motivation, parley and the gloss in the organisation, and leadinghip qualities. The overall aim of this assignment is to provide appropriate business solutions that help in improving the effectiveness of the organisation, from the locating of a HR consultant.HRM & PEOPLE MANAGEMENT VALUESArmstrong (2000) argues that personnel practioners are often confused when asked about the difference between HRM and personnel management. According to spirit level (1995) HRM is said to be fundamentally unitarist. This wees the management at Lynmouth more HR than personnel, as although the unions membership levels were low and their influence was weak , they were recognised by management in respect of white-collar lag. in any case team ma nouvreing was introduced with the cooperation of the plants trade union, and they were asked to recommend the number of posts required for the new line that was to open in 2000. This shows that the management did consider the unions before reaching a decision.The climate of employee relations could be characterized as wary and mistrustful, indicating to a model of personnel management (Sisson 1994). In HRM, rules, procedures and contracts are an obstruction to effective performances and there is an emphasis on strategy and devolved responsibility to line management (Storey 1996). At Lynemouth, there were rules and guidelines set for the team leaders and employees wricked according to shifts, and pay was non performance related.Read morePersonnel vs gracious ResourcesAlthough these values point towards personnel management (Sisson 1994), Lynemouth overly inculcates HRM values. disrespect each plant having specialist staff that kept the plant in spite of appearance its operating limits, team leaders worked as line managers (Storey 1996) and were responsible for the coordination and scheduling of work. Also there are few job categories and teamwork is preferred to division of labour (Storey 1995). in that location is a great deal of task flexibility (Sisson 1994) in the teams, and in 2000 they were given greater autonomy.Boxall & Purcell (2003) states that HRM can be interpreted as having a soft developmental humanist approach or a hard situational qualityicular approach. The soft version emphasizes a people-centred approach to HRM, whereas the hard version emphasizes a resource-based approach (Thornhill & Saunders 1998). Although the organisation appears to be soft with the implementation of teams, they can be viewed as being hard economically, as the organisation aims were resource focused, there appeared to be low trust between employees, and there was also fun ctional flexibility within the teams (Kane et al. 1999). Responsibility for hiring new staff, and for assessing applications for internal transfers, were devolved to shop-floor workers, thus making them more flexible. A hard approach is often seen as an essential part of cost-minimization strategy (Kane et al. 1999), which appears to be the situation at Lynemouth.TEAM EFFECTIVENSS & THE EFFECT OF MOTIVATIONA team is a work group or a unit with a greens purpose through which members develop mutual relationships for the achievement of goals/tasks (Harris & Harris 1996). Vyakarnam et al (1999) states that a number of studies have confirmed that prospering ventures are often pretended by teams rather than a single person, and the core competence of a successful team is to build and manage relationships around a common vision. The management team at Lynemouth havent clearly described the team goals or each individuals specific task. It is essential that the first step in creating a t eam is to define the goal or goals that create the direction for the new group (Twomey & Kleiner 1996 Arroba 1996).Harris & Harris (1996) explain that teams are successful and effective when they overcome difficulties, achieved through interdependence. aggroups also promote a sense of confidence and direction among the team members and helps becoming more flexible in nature (Arroba 1996). Among shop-floor workers at Lynemouth with regard to blessedness and commitment, there was a greater sense of autonomy and participation. With regard to work organisation, there was an increase in multi-skilling, and there were clear examples of repaird flexibility. For example, team members would work a crane as required, rather than waiting for a dedicated crane driver.The major difference between successful teamwork and unsuccessful teamwork is largely based upon team members sharing common goals and working together to achieve them (Tarricone & Luca 2002). They also state that ineffective co mmunication, lack of resources and lack of trust are the come across attributes that deflect the effectiveness of a team. At Lynemouth, the workers were clear that the divide between manager and worker was as sharp as ever and that the enforcement of discipline was not part of the teams duties. There appeared to be low trust between them, and also communication with regard to specific tasks seems to be lacking. It is also advisable to establish a sense of urgency so that the teams fall apartt get complacent (Twomey & Kleiner 1996).Ritchie & Martin (2001) states that money and tangible rewards, the physical conditions and the structure are the three key factors motivating people in a working environment. Although teamwork was favourable from a shop-floor point of view, middle managers and technical staff had reservations about teamwork, feeling undervalued and lacking determination. Macaulay & take a leak (2001) states that rewards and recognition processes help to focus attentio n on priorities, thus motivating individuals. Group leaders felt that the work they were being given was not sufficiently demanding, and technical staff felt that that their job territory was under threat. There seems to be a need for rules and guidelines in the work place, for direction and certainty (Ritchie & Martin 2001). Thompson (2004) concludes that people could be motivated further and made more effective if they were given appropriate encouragement and attention.COMMUNICATION & CULTUREAccording to Connolly (1996) communication is a vituperative issue and everyone wants better communication within their team, between teams and across their organization. Employee communication should play a strategic role in an organization to work in effect (Barrett 2002). In the early 1990s there was a wide perception at Lynemouth that communication was poor, and the climate of employee relations could be characterized as suspicious and mistrustful. Barrett (2002) also emphasizes that with out effective employee communication, change is impossible, and in 1997 with Lynemoths future in doubt, the management realized the importance of communication and set about to win employee consent by reforming the communication system. With regard to this, teamwork was introduced with the cooperation of the plants trade unions, which encouraged further development in employee relations.However, with the success of teamwork, white-collar staff felt undervalued. Peng & Litteljohn (2001) asserts that structural arrangements whitethorn quicken communication on the one hand, and create barriers for communication on the other. Group leaders felt that their status and authority were being eroded, and technical staff felt that their job territory was under threat, and changes were made without consulting the people involved, and there was a feeling that the appraisal system was not adequate, as the management did not seem to listen.Connolly (1996) states that to enhance communication, bot h the employer and the employee should realize the importance of effective communication. The author concludes by saying that perhaps the most effective ways of improving communication are also the simplest taking the time to really notice the employees, listening to how they speak and more importantly to what they say. The management could create a system where employees are rewarded for their good work, as Storey (1995) states that the way in which employees are rewarded is central to the regulation of employment relationship.Handy (1986) states that every organization is different, and each organization has a different culture sets of values and norms and beliefs. In 1990, many workers had been with the plant since it opened, and labour turnover was low. Majority of the workers were male, with few women being employed in clerical posts. There is a close and sometimes unclear relationship between organisational culture and its climate (Wallace, J et al. 1999). Although the clima te of employee relations could be characterised as suspicious and mistrustful at Lynemouth, work organisation was considered to be fairly conventional. Handy (1986) argues that if organizations are to survive and meaningful jobs are to be created for all those who want to work, consequently both organizations and individuals will have to change the way they perceive jobs and careers.He also states that fewer, better-motivated people could create much more added value than large groups of unthinking, demotivated individuals. Lynemouth, with the access of teamworking could be seen as incorporating these values. However, the management at Lynemouth should create meaningful jobs for all employees. The structure of Lynemouths employees could be characterized under senior managers, middle managers and workers. Handy (1986) argues that organizations are not owned by anyone, but are a community of people who could be called citizens of the community rather than employees. Ogbor (2001) ass erts that organisational culture should discourage dysfunctional work behaviours, and commit members of the organization to do things for and with one another that are in the best interests of the organization.LEADERSHIP QUALITIESThe American general, Dwight Eisenhower, once said that the essence of leadership is to make people do what you want them to with as much will, determination and enthusiasm as if they had decided for themselves (Popper & Zakkai 1994). Cacioppe (1997) suggests that recent reviews of the research and theories on leadership have consolidated the key areas of leadership into personality, transactional and trans administrational forms of leadership.He also states that honesty, inspiration, competent, fair-mindedness and supportiveness are the characteristics that people most admire in leaders, where as Tait (1996) suggests that vision, interpersonal skills, character and drive are the four attributes considered to be necessary personality traits for business lea dership. Transactional leadership is based on the interplay between the leaders guidance or direction and socio-emotional support, and the circle or developmental level that followers exhibit on a particular task, function, or objective (Avery and Ryan 2002). The third major approach is the Transformational leadership which communicates a vision that inspires and motivates people to achieve something extraordinary (Cacioppe 1997).Transactional leadership remains highly popular among practitioners and it could be applied at Lynemouth. It appeals to managers because of its intuitive simplicity, ease of use, and perceived relevancy to managerial roles (Avery and Ryan 2002). In 2000, with the end of direct supervision, management appointed team leaders from existing team members, following a formal application procedure. Team leaders were made responsible for team briefing and the coordination and scheduling of work, and they did receive an additional weekly allowance of 100. The manag ement at Lynemouth could also try to turn back the transformational leadership values by providing every individual and team with a vision and also motivating them, thus improving leadership effectiveness at the team levels (Cacioppe 1996). Silverthorne (2000) believes that the readiness and willingness of subordinates to perform tasks are the important aspects that contribute to a leaders effectiveness.CONCLUSIONThis assignment investigated the current HRM principles being used within the organisation. A few key points in improving the effectiveness of an organisation are effective teams, effective communication between the teams and good leadership skills. Lynemouth could improve the effectiveness of their organisation by motivating each individual, improving the communication between the employers and the management, and also by providing individual, team and organisational goals for the leaders to follow.REFERENCEArmstrong, M 2000, The heel has changed but has the game remaine d the same?, ledger of Employee Relations, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 576-593.Arroba, T 1996, Why are common objectives so uncommon in top management teams?, Journal of Team Performance Management, vol. 2, no. 1, pp 17-21.Avery, G.C & Ryan, J 2002, Applying situational leadership in Australia, The Journal of Management Development, vol. 21, no. 4, pp 242-262.Barrett, D.J 2002, Change communication using strategic employee communication to facilitate major change, Corporate Communications An International Journal, vol. 7, no. 4, pp 219-234.Boxall, P & Purcell, J 2003, Strategy and Human Resource Management, Palgrave, New York.Cacioppe, R 1997, Leadership molybdenum by moment, Leadership and Organization Development Journal, vol. 18, no. 7, pp 335-345.Connolly, C 1996, Communication getting to the heart of the matter, Journal of Management Development Review, vol. 9, no. 7, pp 37-40.Handy, C.B 1976, Understanding Organisations, Penguin Group, London.Harris, P.R & Harris, K.G 1996, Managing effectively through teams, Journal of Team Performance Management, vol. 2, no. 3, pp 23-36.Kane, B et al. 1999, Barriers to effective HRM, International Journal of Manpower, vol. 20, no. 8, pp 494-516.Macaulay, S & Cook, S 2001, recognise Service Success, Journal of Team Performance Management, vol. 5, no. 1, pp 4-8.Ogbor, J.O 2001, Critical theory and the hegemony of corporate culture, Journal of Organizational Change Management, vol. 14, no. 6, pp 590-638.Peng, W & Litteljohn, D 2001, Organisational communication and strategy implementation a primary inquiry, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, vol. 13, no. 7, pp 360-363.Popper, M & Zakkai, E 1994, Transactional, attractive and Transformational Leadership Conditions Conducive to their Predominance, Leadership and Organization Development Journal, vol. 15, no. 6, pp 3-7.Silverthorne, C 2000, Situational leadership theory in Taiwan a different culture perspective, Leadership and Organization Development Journal, vol. 21, no. 2, pp 68-74.Sisson, K 1994, Personnel Management A comprehensive guide to Theory and Practice in Britain, second edn, Blackwell, Oxford.Storey, J 1995, Human Resource Management A critical text, Thomson, London.Storey, J 1995, Is HRM catching on?, International Journal of Manpower, vol. 16, no. 4, pp 3-10.Storey, J 1996, Blackwell cases in Human Resource and Change Management, Blackwell, Oxford.Tait, R 1996, The attributes of leadership, Leadership and Organization Development Journal, vol 17, no. 1, pp27-31.Tarricone, P & Luca, J 2002, Employees, teamwork and social interdependence a formula for successful business?, Journal of Team Performance Management, vol. 8, no. 3, pp 54-59.Thompson, J. L 2004, Innovation through people, Journal of Management Decision, vol. 42, no. 9, pp 1082-1094.Thornhill, A & Saunders, M.N.K 1998, What if line managers dont realize theyre responsible for HR?, Personnel Review Journal, vol. 12, no. 6, pp 460-476.Twomey, K & Kleiner , B.H 1996, Teamwork The essence of the successful organisation, vol. 2, no. 1, pp 6-8.Vyakarnam, S et al. 1999, Exploring the formation of entrepreneurial teams the key to rapid growth business?, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, vol. 6, no. 2, pp 153-165.Wallace, J 1999, The relationship between organisational culture, organisational climate and managerial values, International Journal of Public Sector Management, vol. 12, no. 7, pp 548-564.

Saturday, May 25, 2019

The Continual Emerging Threat and Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction By Terrorist Organizations to the United States of America

The utilization of Weapons of Mass Destruction (weapon of mass destruction) by terrorist groups and states alike depart gallop to threaten the U. S. Homeland and its interests abroad. The National Intelligence Council (NIC) provided the surveiling estimate of this emerging threat in its December 2000 analysis of global trends by the year 2015 (Cordesman, 2002).Strategic weapon of mass destruction threats, including thermo thermo thermo thermonuclear missile threats in which (barring significant political or economic changes) Russia, China, most likely North Korea, probably Iran, and possibly Iraq consent the capability to hear the joined States, and the capableness for unconventional deli genuinely of WMD by both state or non-state actors also will grow (p. 3).The NIC report additionally goes on to discuss the accessibility and advancement of technology for WMD will increase, telling Prospects will grow that to a greater extent sophisticated weaponry, including weapons of m ass destructionindigenously produced or externally acquiredwill get into the hands of state and non-state belligerents, some hostile to the United States. The likelihood will increase e trulyplace this period that WMD will be hold either against the United States or is forces, facilities, and interests overseas (p. ). For these and other reasons, individuals in the security and law enforcement profession need to continue to maintain their focalize on the capabilities and the potentiality of WMD use by a variety of interests. I use this paper as an opportunity to further educate myself on the use of WMD by terrorist organizations. I do this by giving an overview of the numerous types of threats that fall into the category of WMD, to include chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear.I then continue my education by looking at the countries involved with WMD. Ill conclude the paper with looking specifically at some of Iraqs capabilities and tier of instructions. Chemical we apons pose significant threats to both the civilian populace and military organization. One of the biggest reason chemical weapons pose such a threat to both of these groups is the psychological effect coiffed by their use. Although chemical weapons be no more lethal then conventional weaponry, they cause great fear when even some consistency thinks of them being utilize.The most common example would be the exploitations of the media and the footage seen of the Kurds in Iraq when Saddam Hussein used blister and nerve agents. Not only were there dead civilians laying in the streets, but gruesome pictures of the effect that these agents extradite on the body, both to those killed and survivors. Chemical weapons be weapons of terror and intimidation as well as a means of producing casualties and physical destruction (Cordesman, 2002, p. 101). In 2003 the section of Defense ( defence mechanism) stated that most forms of CW argon employed in the liquid form, called droplets.Drop lets make the substance more stable and easy for use in weaponry. The defensive structure also put chemical weapons into two categories, persistent and nonpersistentpersistent lasting for days, and nonpersistent only lasting from minutes to hours (Defenselink, 2003). The U. S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) put CWs into a some distinct categories, these being nerve agents such as VX, blood agents like hydrogen cyanide, blister agents like sulfur mustards, and pulmonary agents like chlorine. The latter argon the more commonly used and known, but there are also many more specially the ones that fall into the commercial category, such as metals, pesticides, etc (Kahn & Levitt, 2000). roughly organizations wishing to use some type of WMD tend non to turn to chemicals as their primary weapon. There are many challenges facing someone that wants to effectively employing CWs. The DoD (Defenselink, 2003) lists a variety of issues concerning the factors that must be considered. These f actors include agent type, how it will be disseminated, nitty-gritty available to be disseminated (droplet size), meteorological conditions, including temperature, string speed and direction.Without the right combination of all of these factors, the desired outcome will be greatly reduced. An additional challenge is that of actually getting and/or producing a chemical to be used as a weapon. The Gilmore kick (1999) gives the following example for explaining just how difficult it would be. It has sometimes been claimed that producing sarin and other nerve agents is a relatively easy process, to the extent, according to one authority, that ball-point pen ink is only one chemical step removed.While sarin whitethorn be less(prenominal) complicated to synthesize than other nerve agents, the expertise required to produce it should not, however, be underestimated. The safety challenges involved would, at a minimum, require skill, training, and special equipment to overcome. For this rea son, the train of competency required for producing sophisticated chemical nerve agents, including sarin, will likely be on the order of a graduate degree in constitutional chemistry and/or actual experience as a organic chemistnot simply a knowledge of college-level chemistry, as is sometimes alleges (p. 91).Although the Gilmore citizens committee points the necessity to have the required level of expertise for composing chemicals into weapons strike off, there are many countries that already posses a vast array of CWs. Terrorist organizations without access to CWs or the expertise to produce them, resort to using resources they do have (normally money, but sometimes services) to exchange with countries that do have CWs. According to Cordesman (2002) the following countries are potential national threats because of their chemical weapons syllabus China, India, Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Pakistan, and Russia.Russia has the largest stockpile, 40,000 metric tons of chemical agents. Even more frightening is that reportedly some of this stockpile is comprised of fresh agents. These new agents are designed to circumvent Western detection modes and can be hidden within commercial chemical plants. The employment challenges of CWs are far out-weighed by the vast capability to acquire them, and the terror effect they have. Biological Weapons (BW) pose a significant risk to U. S. interests for many reasons. There are a gigantic range of agents with many different effects and they offer a wide range of ways to attack American citizens, crops, and livestock (Cordesman, 2002, p. 135). The World health institution (2000) explained the significance of BW and diseases by recounting history, pointing out Napoleons devastating retreat from Moscow. This wasnt caused by the great Russian Army or even the cold temperatures of the Russian winter, but because of typhus, a louse-borne infection that reduced his army from 655,000 to 93,000.Cordesman (2002) states that th ere are five categories bacterial agents such as anthrax, rickettsial agents like the Rocky push-down storage spotted fever, viral agents like small pox, toxins including botulinum, and fungal agents. The above agents are the major ones that would be used to pose a threat to humans, there are many others that would ask plant and animal life. The Center for Disease Control (Kahn & Levitt, 2000) further categorizes agents that are a threat to national security, labeling them superior priority. These high priority agents - can be disseminated or transmitted person-to-person cause high mortality, with potential for major public health impact might cause public panic and social disruption and require special action for public health. As with chemical weapons, biological weapons offer a psychological threat, but additionally the BWs bring a great get by of physiological issues. Much of the challenge with biological weapons occurs when trying to detect that one (or many) have been u sed. There are many ways that BWs could be used covertly, and the medical symptoms becoming visible long after the terrorist has departed.The CDC (Kahn & Levitt, 2000) outlines this fact and emphasise the importance of early detection by the public health infrastructure by giving this scenario Only a short window of opportunity will exist between the time the first base cases are identified and a second wave of the population becomes ill. During that brief period, public health officials will need to determine that an attack has occurred, identify the organism, and prevent more casualties through prevention strategies (e. g. , mass vaccination or prophylactic treatment).As person-to-person contact continues, successive waves of transmission could carry infection to other ecumenical localities. Another twist that a terrorist might use to inhibit the effective detection is to employ a variety of different BWs at the same time. Health care workers would potentially read the sympto ms of only one of them used, while the other continues to grow, infect further, and kill. In addition to BWs being very opportunistic for covert use, the DoD (Defenselink, 2003) says that BWs are preferable to chemical or nuclear WMD because of being very compact and low in weight.The DoD additionally went on to say that the dissemination of infectious agents through aerosols, either as droplets from liquid suspensions or by small particles from dry powders, is by far the most efficient method (Defenselink, 2003, p. 5). A Russian assessment of microbiological agents mostly likely to be used identified eleven. The top four were smallpox, plague, anthrax, and botulism. These were at the top because of the ability to be used as an aerosol, and their theoretical lethality rates being 30 percent to 80 percent and because of their capability to be massed produced (Henderson, 1999).There are two countries besides the United States that are well know for their pursuit of weaponizing biologi cal weapons, Iraq and the Soviet Union. In 1975 the Soviet Union used the biotechnology industry as a front for its weapons program, called Bioprepart. The program had the capability to mass thousands of tons of agents and distribute and store them strategically throughout the Soviet Union. The program also included the ability to rapidly produce these stored agents to weapons grade levels (Alibek, 1999).According to some intelligence analysis this program involved 60,000 to 70,000 personnel (Roberts, 2000). Even more alarming was that a vast descend of these were infectious agents designed to follow up a strategic nuclear attack on the United States with contagious diseases designed to decimate the population (Alibek, 1999). Although the looming threat to the United States from the former Soviet Union isnt as prevalent with the ending of the Cold War, the possibility of these technologies and actual agents falling into the hands of rogue states or terrorists, is a very good possib ility.The ecumenical Accounting Office (GAO) (2000) states that in addition to the large collections of dangerous pathogens, there are also as many as 15,000 underpaid scientists and seekers, and an additional vast amount of specialized equipment and facilities just waiting to be exploited. This concern, in addition to the many outlined above concretely justify the continued efforts by the United States to counter attacks to its interests through the use of biological weapons. The likelihood of a conventional explosive vehicle bomb like the one used in the Oklahoma urban center bombing by Timothy McVeigh still posses a serious risk.Recently there has been a concern of these conventional vehicle bombs also including radioactive material. Radiological weapons are generally felt to be suitable largely for terror, political, and area denial purposes, rather than mass killings (Cordesman, 2002, p. 194). Cordesman (2002) further goes on to explain that as opposed to nuclear weapons, ra dioactive material posses such a great threat because of its contamination capability. Therefore, radioactive weapons are best suited for use when wanting to deny accessibility of a specific area or giveing/s.A Gilmore Commission Report (1999) explained that, A combination fertilizer truck bomb, if used together with radioactive material, for example, could not only have destroyed one of the New York World Trade Centers towers but might have rendered a considerable chunk of prime really estate in one of the worlds financial nerve centers indefinitely unusable because of radioactive contamination. Radioactive weapons are designated into two categories, radiological dispersal devices (RDD) and simple radiological dispersal devices (simple RDD).As Cordesman (2002) points out, the main difference between the two being that a RDD is designed to include any explosive device utilized to spread radioactive material upon detonation, and the simple RDD spreads the radioactive material witho ut an explosion. There are a couple of different types of radioactive material that could be used as RDD or as simple RDDs. The list includes hospital radiation therapy, radiopharmaceuticals, nuclear power plant fuel rods, and universities, laboratories, radiography and gauging (Cordesman 2002).The Gilmore Commission Report (1999) explains the slanderous effects caused by radioactive material by saying, Radiological weapons kill or injure by exposing people to radioactive materials, such as cesium-137, iridium-192, or cobalt-60. The harm is caused by a variety of different ways including in-haling it, or ingesting it (contaminated food or water supply). The level of the harm caused is of course determinate of the amount of exposure to the radioactive material, long periods or short periods. The difficult thing to assess initially is the level of exposure.The U. S. Army (2002) explains that lethal and serious doses are very difficult to determine, even within the same geographical area. Additionally the U. S. Army (2002) points out that symptoms and effects are largely changed if someone has burns on their body or their body has been through physical trauma, which is almost certainly the case if most scenarios (except for maybe covertly) that would involve radiological contamination. For these reasons, early detection of decontamination is imperative.The U. S. Armys USACHPPM report (2002) goes on to explain that once prompt detection has occurred, about 95 percent of external agents can be removed by simple removing outer habiliment and shoes. So where would a terrorist group mostly likely acquire radioactive material to be used as a WMD, and furthermore, what is the likelihood that they would chose radioactive material as their weapon as opposed to, lets say nuclear? The former Soviet Union posses a threat regarding the lack of control over its any radiological materials, especially the accumulation of large quantities of plutonium from reactors that is int finish for reprocessing and/or storage. (Defenselink, 2002, p. 2). The DoD (Defenselink, 2002) also points out that Iraq and Chechnya have furthered their knowledge of radioactive weapons that could be used to contaminate water, food crops, and livestock. It further concludes that with many countries (Korea, etc ) advancing their nuclear power interests, radiological material will be tougher to monitor and control, and thus easier to acquire.One of our biggest threats may not be from a conventional weapon with radioactive material, or even the contamination of water or food, but direct contamination through the exploitation of a nuclear power plant right here in the United States. Even though an attack on a nuclear power plant would have to take a great push-down storage of timing during the formulation phase, it could produce very effective results. The possible venting or overload of a reactor could then act as a radiological weapon, and cover hundreds of square kilometers as well as have a major potential affect on regional power supplies (Cordesman, 2002, p. 97). Some theorize that the method of using an existing nuclear power plant would elevate the hazards that go alone acquiring radioactive material. The Gilmore Commission Report (1999) points out that spent fuel rods are very hot, heavy and thus hard to handle. Cordesman (2002, p. 197) concurs with the Gilmore Commission stating, A seizure of spent fuel would be particularly dangerous during the first 150 days after the downloading because iodine-131, and iodine-123 are present, which are extremely volatile, and affect the thyroid.There is still a great deal to be learned about the potential loss and employment of radiological materials, and ultimately the use of it by a terrorist or state would have on a population or army. When it comes to the use of nuclear weapons of mass destruction, the retaliatory consequences of their use would probably dissuade the would be state or terrorist to use th em. There are many other reasons that would prohibit a terrorist group from having the capability to do so, but as some experts have argued, when it comes to the homeland defense, security planners must look at a time-frame twenty five years from now (Cordesman, 2002).The DoD (Defenselink, 2002) makes the point by explaining that no one foresaw the Cold War ending so quickly, or that twenty five years ago the Persian Gulf War would have happened thus the need for such long range planning, and more importantly looking at what the capabilities could be out there, and the United States vulnerabilities to them. A great deal of the threat would come from countries that currently have nuclear programs, whether directly, or indirectly through the proliferation of technical expertise and equipment.Thus, we must look at these countries, and gain a firm understanding of their current programs. The DoD (OSD, 2001) gave the following overview in explaining the states with a potential nuclear th reat to the United States. -Iran Iran is currently actively act the acquiring of fissile material and technology for nuclear weapons development. They are doing this by an elaborate system of military and civilian organizations. Irans claim is that these elaborate systems are for the development of a civilian energy programthe DoD thinks otherwise. Much of the success of Irans attempts will depend on Russia and China.Russia is currently in a mutual partnership with Iran to build a 1,000 megawatt power reactor. Iran is using this product to both acquire sensitive nuclear technologies, along with weapons-usable fissile material. China on the other hand ended its nuclear projects with Iran in 1997. Additionally, in 1998 China created new export controls over dual-use nuclear equipment it seems theyre living up to their 1997 commitment. North Korea In 1994 an agreement between the United States and North Korea ended nuclear weapons material production at two of its facilities.In quest ion, is whether North Korea was able to divert enough plutonium to make a nuclear weapon, the United States thinks it did. Also in question is the spent fuel from one of these reactors that was also removed in 1994. If this fuel was reprocessed it couldve produced several nuclear weapons. Pakistan In reaction to Indias testing, Pakistan tested six devices in 1998. Pakistan has a very good infrastructure to support a nuclear weapons program, especially facilities that allow for uranium conversion and enrichment.Much of the foreign assistance received by Pakistan was from China. The Pakistans military government has been and will be for the foreseeable future be in control of its countries nuclear resources, to include research, and wartime domination and control. Much of Pakistans program is designed to deter the threat from India. Pakistan has publicly stated that it will not assemble or deploy its nuclear warheads, nor will it study testing unless India does so first. Syria Sy ria has no current capability, but does have a small (China supplied) research reactor.Additionally, in 1999 Syria signed an agreement with Russian to build other research reactor. Although it has an interest in nuclear technology, it just doesnt have enough expertise and infrastructure to develop nuclear weapons, and therefore they are not pursuing it. Even though most believe that the retaliatory consequences of using a nuclear weapon would prohibit their use, there are still too many vulnerabilities to the United States which warrant careful consideration and homeland defense planning. One of these vulnerabilities is our communications and intelligence satellites.A nuclear weapon launched to a very high top would destroy the DoDs communications and intelligence satellites from the Electromagnet Pulse. We all know the significance of these satellites for the United States war-fighting capability. Another vulnerability is the contamination of primary facilities, like ports and ai rfields. Both airfields and ports played an inherent part of the success during Operation Desert Storm. The U. S. Air Forces superiority over Iraq during the Gulf War would not have been as quick and extensive if it had to deal with contaminated and/or destroyed airfields. Defenselink, 2002). With Iraq being the major threat to the United States, both directly and indirectly (support of terrorist groups), Iraqs Weapons of Mass Destruction capabilities are addressed alone separate from the rest of this research. Laqueur (1999) noted that a great deal of Iraqs WMD program was unknown to the United States and world prior to the Gulf War, even though they had used in during the war with Iran and on the Kurds in their own country. Prior to the Gulf War, Iraq admitted to having 2,850 tons of ustard gas, 790 tons of sarin. Additionally, when the Gulf War began, Iraq had fifty missile warheads with chemical weapons. These figures were from Iraq, so the actual extent of their program was u nknown (Laqueur, 1999). In October, 2002 the Central Intelligence Agency issued a report outlining its concerns for Iraqs continued development of WMD. Some of the conclusions do by the CIA (2002) include Iraq acquiring its first nuclear weapon will depend mostly on its ability to acquire fissile-material.Once this is done it could have a nuclear weapon within one year. Additionally, Iraq has made an effort to purchase high-strength aluminum tubes that could be use for conventional weapons, but most conclude that it is for the nuclear centrifuge enrichment process. It is believed that Iraq has stocked a few hundred metric tons of chemical agents, mostly consisting of mustard, sarin, and VX. Efforts in the biological weapon program are very active and larger than prior to the Gulf War. Iraq still has a small missile force to include Short Range Ballistic Missiles with ranges of 650-900 km. Additionally, extensive research and tests have been done with unmanned arial vehicles, mos t likely to be used for delivery biological warfare agents. Concluding this review of Weapons of Mass Destruction, as the teaching provided above points out, there is an obvious threat to the United States homeland and interests abroad from the use of WMD. Significant differences between nuclear and chemical or biological WMD exist.All three types of weapons can kill or injure personnel and spread contamination over broad areas, only nuclear weapons can destroy equipment and facilities. (Defenselink, 2002) This of course has a cost factor. Many civilian chemical and biological production facilities can easily be turned into a weapons program, where a nuclear program would cost a great deal more. Henderson (2001, p. 29) makes the point about the attitude of 21st century terrorists by stating, Weapons of mass destruction are becoming more accessible to terrorists.They appeal most to new terrorist who seek total destruction for symbolic reasons. From a military standpoint, a great d eal more emphasis must be placed on the policy makers and planners for DoD doctrine that applies to chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear threats. As technology and capable means of proliferation of these threats, so will the use of them against us. Much of this planning as been done in the past, but we have only begun to prepare ourselves for the terrorist or state that is likely to use Weapons of Mass Destruction.Further emphasizing the importance of this issue, the Center for Strategic and International Studies in May of 2001 concluded, There is no way to predict the nature of the WMD threat to the U. S. homeland in the near or long term. The U. S. military superiority in itself is no longer sufficient to ensure the safety of the United States. National security planning must be broadened to encompass WMD counterterrorism. (Cilluffo, Cardash, & Lederman, 2001, p. 9). Only a few months later on September 11, 2001 there point was further made.

Friday, May 24, 2019

The Swimmer by John Cheever

Mina Hanna ENGL 2130-010 Ms. Kilgore The Swimmer by John Cheever Oct 06, 2011 The Swimmer by John Cheever Neddys journey home through the crime syndicates of his neighborhood turns into a journey through some(prenominal) years of his life, showing that passage of time is inevitable, no matter how ofttimes one might ignore it. Neddy has mastered the art of denial. At the beginning of the story, the narrator tells us that Neddy is far from puppylike, exclusively he does his best to act young by sliding down a banister and dividing headlong into a pool. The long afternoon at the Westerhazys pool seems timeless, no different, we can assume, from many thers afternoons spent exactly the same direction. As Neddys journey progresses, we see that time is actually passing much more quickly than Neddy realizes. Leaves and hedges turn yellowish and red, the constellations in the sky change, and the air gets colder. Friends not at home when he expects them to be, he faces scorn from the pe ople he would once scorned, his mistress wants nothing to do with him, and he learns that a friend has been very ill. All these changes have happened without Neddys knowledge. Neddy question his memory, but he also onders whether he has simply denied reality to a dangerous degree. His peers have acted their age and faced adult problems, whereas he has raised. Morshed 2 The pervasive consumption of alcoholic beverage throughout the story sharpens the distortion of time and Neddys sense of unhappiness. The drinking, serving, and desire for alcohol become significant motivators for Neddy as well as a way to measure his social standing. At the beginning of the story, everyone is sound off of having drunk too much the night before, but they have gathered companionably at the Westerhazys pool o drink again. Neddy drinks gin before he decides to locomote from pool to pool, and his swim home is marked as much by fresh drinks as by new swimming pool. At the Bunkers party, Neddy feels comfo rted and keen when he is given a drink, whereas at the Biswangers party, he feels slighted by the way his drink is served. As his journey grows more difficult, Neddy wishes deeply for a drink but is often turned down, once at the Sachses and once at Shirley Adams. His desire for a drink grows strongly as he grows weaker, and the amount of alcohol he has consumed during is journey could explain clearly the harsh bewildering emotional place in which Neddy finds himself at the end of the story. Morshed 3 The pools that Neddy swims through as he makes his way home represent periods of time that Neddy passes through. At the beginning of the story, Neddy is strong and active, feels deep contentment with his life, and is admired by his friends. Warm is the sun, he feels like a legendary digit, as though there is nothing he cant accomplish. As he progresses from pool to pool, however, Neddy changes. Physically, he grows eaker, unable to pull himself out of pool without a ladder and unwi lling to drive in as he once did. Instead of being warm, he eventually feels chilled to the bone. Around him, the sunny pass day grows increasingly cooler, and a storm passes. The trees, meanwhile, lose their leaves, and the constellations change to those of autumn. His standing in his social circle has changed as well. Once respected and given to snubbing those who atomic number 18 not part of his group, he is now snubbed by Grace Biswanger and the bartender at the party, Which Neddy is not aware that he has suffered.A lot has happened as he has been moving from pool to pool. Neddy has named the chain of pools the Lucinda River, invoking the security and longevity of his marriage and family, but his choice of name becomes sad and ironic when he winds up at his dark, neglectful home. Neddy has taken Lucinda, just as he took his comfortable life, for granted. We dont know much about their marriage, but we know of Neddys affaire with Shirley, an affair he treated lightly and to wh ich he attached no meaning. Morshed 4 The changes in weather and season that occur throughout the story mirror Neddys hanging life circumstances, particularly the deterioration of his comfort and security. At the beginning of the story, Neddy is warm in the sunshine, conscious of nothing but his own happiness and the pleasures of the day. As he begins his swim, the water and air are of comfortable temperature, and he can walk easily from pool to pool in his swim trunks. Shortly into his journey, a storm passes, making a turning point in Neddys plans. He is alone for the first time, waiting out the storm in a deserted gazebo and when the storm ends, the warmth is gone. He is chilly, and the red and yellow leaves n the ground suggest falls. Neddy feels a peculiar sadness, the first time he feels anything other than happiness. Weather and season are not kind to Neddy from this moment on. He gets colder, sees more signs of fall, and changes from a robust traveler into a pathetic figure by the highway. Autumn arrives in full as Neddy finishes his journey, and the final pool he swims in has freezing cold water. Just as Neddys happy life has come to a close, the cycle of seasons has been completed as well, and it is clear by the end of the story that Neddys is entering the winter of his life.

Thursday, May 23, 2019

On Becoming a Leader Essay

The book I chose to review is On Becoming a Leader by Warren Bennis. At the crux of this book is a search to understand how attracters are make. Throughout the book, the author tries to prove with polls and observations, that leaders are not born hardly are made through a combination of nature and nurture. Leaders who excel list to yield similar characteristics which have been pay offed by a series of experiences in their lives (these include embracing mistakes, taking risks and apprizeing from adversity).Another idea discussed in the book is that of the role of education in making leaders. Bennis notes a number of qualities and abilities that are common amongst the leaders he interacts with. Some of those are relating well to others, trust others and in turn being trustworthy, the powerfulness to motivate people and to not give up, inspiration and competence in the job. However, he claims that a major enigma in business & leaders is the societal disease of our time (as sai d by Norman Lear to him) short term sentiment.He highlights throughout the book that this throw of thinking is not beneficial to organizations and that a good leader should be satisfactory to look further and not give the short term overly more importance. At one point he claims that short term thinking is what kills one of the most distinguished attributes a leader must have innovation. The author mentions that leaders are of the essence(predicate) to an organization since they are of paramount importance to the operational performance, stability and integrity of the organization.To this end, Warren Bennis presents in a systematic manner various attributes that are required of a leader to be able to perform well. The first attribute discussed is the ability to Master the context. In this chapter, the author discusses the fact that a leader must be able to understand the reasons and outcomes of different situations. Only once he has managed this, provideing he be able to act in the best possible way for his organization. This is in line with what we have learned throughout our course regarding improving ones self-awareness as well as the 4 perspectives of organizational effectiveness.A leader must be able to understand the context of work and respond by being aware that he needs to look after different perspectives of people and systems related to the organization. The second thing discussed is reason the basics, which is sooner similar to mastering the context. In this, Warren Bennis explains that leaders need to understand the underlying concepts at work before making decisions. He lists a series of attributes that throne be found in most leaders including self-knowledge, passion, vision and trust.He argues that most of the leaders are not born with these attributes but life experiences and a desire to lead people enables them to develop a good understanding of this. Their twit to acquire and learn are much higher than on sightly and they act ively pursue these drives while taking risks and placing lesser importance on their drive for safety. In this he also discusses the difference between managing people and booster cable them. We have gone through various topics related directly to this effect in class.According to me, one of the strongest drives an individual has is the drive to safety. An individual would be much more comfortable if they can trust their leader. The ability to understand the thought process of their leader and their belief/trust in him helps shore up their drive for safety. Across cultures, people tend to avoid uncertainty and if a leader is able to, through knowledge and an understanding, provide people with an image of consistency it goes a long way in settling people and reducing stress. The third lesson is knowing yourself.Warren Bennis argues that in order to lead others, one must to the full understand themselves. To be able to trust your decisions/inner feelings is highly important for leadi ng people and making correct choices. The author goes on to highlight 4 lessons that enable an individual to understand themselves. They are you are your own best teacher, accept responsibility, you can learn anything you want to learn and uncoiled understanding comes from glistening on your own experience. All these lessons are at the core of organizational behavior as we have learnt.These 4 lessons can concord even to organizations as well as being useful for individuals. Self-concept is an important part of an individuals absorb up and to feed that we must be able to reflect on our past experiences to learn from them. Social learning, learning through reinforcement and learning through experience are discussed as important factors of learning in organizations in our course. I believe this same applies to individuals as they are able to develop their social identity and self-concept through these lessons.Next, the author discusses knowledgeable the world. This takes a similar route to the previous subject of knowing yourself, while developing a greater scope to the understanding. Cultural understanding is an extremely important attribute in a leader. In an increasingly diverse workforce coupled with increasing globalization, a leader must have the ability to and desire to understand various cultures and behaviors. Values and behavior are precise different for different cultures, and a lot of organizations have failed due to the incompatible understanding of their leaders.The HP-Compaq merger was a major case where while it was beneficial financially and operationally for the companies to merge, their leaders were not able to fully adapt the two accompanys cultures properly, causing the merger to have not performed anywhere near expectations. One point that I found particularly interesting and felt that was very important was the need for a person to find a mentor who can help them enhance and shape their cultural understanding. The social learning gr imace discusses similar concepts, where a person learns from someone whom they aspire to be.Being able to find a mentor who has an in depth understanding of cultures, or at least has a desire to learn cultural differences can help an individual become a more complete leader. The next thought discussed by the author is Operating on instinct. This discussion focuses on the fact that a good leader should be able to believe in himself and should be able to take decisions from his gut feeling. More often than not a leader and even individuals will have to make decisions without knowing all the elaborate they would like to know.The presence of incomplete information should not make the leader less likely to make a decision. A good leader will have developed enough self-awareness and through self-evaluation and verification be able to rely on his instinct to make the right choice. This enables the leader to be able to quickly and decisively contemplate and decide issues. The next discussi on is based on Deploying yourself. In this the author talks about the fact that a roaring leader is a person who is willing to take on challenges even though he might have failed in earlier challenges.The drive to learn and acquire are, I feel, major contributors to this topic. A good leader will be able to reflect on his past experiences and learn from them and this gives them confidence to continually drive for newer challenges and tasks. Another topic discussed is Moving through chaos. In this chapter, Warren Bennis describes the difference between all individuals and leaders. He points out that everyone faces problems and issues in their career, but that leaders analyze these problems and tend to learn from these.Conflict resolution can take many forms through third-party conflict resolution or negotiation. Leaders reflect on their conflicts and develop an understanding of how to overcome those challenges. Getting people on your side is the next topic covered. The main point of this discussion, and a very important learning for me personally, is the ability of the leader to be trustworthy. To be trusted, a leader must display consistency in his actions, congruity meaning what they say, reliable to their chase and have a strong integrity. This once again gravitates towards the drive for safety individuals have.To be lead by someone, an individual must trust them to act on their behalf and be able to predict to a certain extent what their leaders will do for them. The concept of romanticizing leadership is down to this ability of leaders. If a leader is able to bring their employees/followers on their side, the leaders ability to work through tasks and challenges is increased. Even mistakes made by them will be viewed in a positive light, enabling them to continue taking risks. Organizations can help or hinder is the next topic that is discussed.This focuses on the fact different organizations will have different expectations from their leaders. The cult ure at an organization will dictate how well a leader will be able to lead the organization. A good leader will be able to understand the context of the organization and will try to devise strategies he can implement to make changes. The author also mentions that the leader should try and develop organizational characteristics that are in line with their culture. This also transposes into the last discussion of Forging the future.The impediments face by leaders in an organization can be very hard, but a good leader will be able to develop his own culture and characteristics to move the organization forward. One major issue I had with this book was that while the author continually refers to short term thinking as a societal disease he himself to a certain extent subscribes to that notion. His interaction with the leaders seems comparatively very short term. Throughout the statements made in the book, it felt that the interviews were more about successful past rather than forward lo oking.I understand that one of the major attributes is to learn from experiences but the Id prefer if the author also focused equally on the leaders thoughts about the future. Secondly I felt that there was quite a bit of political commentary in the book. I knew that it was going to have some after reading the reviews while selecting the book, but the political leadership aspect seemed to be a comparatively one sided. I feel that the author could have refrained from making this political and focused instead on the incorporate leadership aspect.

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

Herbal Medicine

Being a part of utility(a) action, herbalism is often opposed to Jewish-Orthodox cargon for. I deal that herbalism deal make a broad(a) competition to conventional medicine as it has not only a set of methods to cure pack, but also a developed philosophical and cultural background, which makes it a complicated system. herb teatime Medicine is a medial system, which helps to maintain good health and prevent illnesses.Herbal practiti unmatchedrs state that good health is much more than an absence of disease. Normal functioning of the body and good work of both systems and organs of an organism is the main and ultimate destination of preference medicine.History of Herbal Medicine The history of herbalism counts more than five hundred years. Western herbal medicine was founded to the highest degree 5000 years ago. Since ancient times tenders utilise herbs for food, medicine and making clothes. The term herb is usu bothy utilise to speak ab let on the plant which is us e for medical purposes. So c from each oneed herbs attain been used for centuries to treat people from various diseases. Archaeologists stay that herbs generate been used by humans since the Middle Paleolithic era, which is dated more than 61,000 years ago. (Butterfield) Herbal remedies were used in Egypt, Greece, Rome and Middle East.Columbus and other travelers who succeeded him brought a lot of new herbal remedies to Europe. Herbal remedies became especially popular during the era of total heat VIII. A new science, which combined the use of herbs and astrology, was developed during his rule. Herbal medicine was used for centuries and newfangled medicine did not appear until the end of the Second bea War. Technological development made it possible to produce unreal drugs, which gradually replaced herbal remedies. today herbal plants become more and more popular. People go away realizing that reducing pain symptoms is not enough to cure illness.Herbal medicine is able to give them choice to Orthodox medicine, which treats only symptoms but not the causes of the illnesses. Nowadays there is a separate branch of herbalism called pharmacognosy. This science is preoccupied with the study of drugs produced from plants and animals. There are a lot of sources from which people obtain knowledge somewhat the characteristics of disaccordent plants. Much herbal knowledge is obtained through attentive empirical observation of a plants effects on humans. In some traditions, intuition and reverend teachings are important.Many traditional herbalists deliberate in a life force that is yet to be fully understood. (Mysteriously, 119) In addition by mystical approach, modern science gives rational explanations of dissentent components, which create a healing effect of herbs. Only specialists know that a lot of modern medicines used in pharmacology originally derived from plants. Components, which are used to produce synthetic medicaments, derive from essential products. For example, aspirin was originally produced from the bark of willow tree diagram and morphine is achieved from poppy.Most herbs used in herbal medicine swallow well-studied and explained peculiarities, which explain their curing effect. Old art of herbal treating is almost forgotten now and synthetic drugs have replaced natural products but people cacography remembering more or less the positive effect of herbal treatment and it becomes more and more popular in the modern world. scientific study gives excess reasons to make confidence in alternative medicine in general and herbalism in particular. Scientists continue to uncover new qualities of herbs, which give additional opportunities in the sphere of medicine.In 1993, the British medical journal Lancet reported that in tests conducted in both Germany and Italy, extracts from the ancient Chinese ginkgo tree were successful in treating cerebral insufficiency in older patients. As a remedy that rectifys the circulati on of blood to the head, it is able to help the memory of elderly people. (Bruno) ancient people, who could cure practically any disease with the help of herbs possessed knowledge practically lost nowadays. Latest statistics shows that interest to herbal treatment has increased during begrudge time.People are looking for the ways to be healthy and holistic approach used by herbal medicine appeals to many of them. Herbalism as a Part of Alternative Medicine normally herbal remedies are used by the practitioners of so called holistic medicine, who believe that there is inner force indoors of each human being and this force rotter help to maintain physical and mental health. Despite the practitioners of holistic medicine do not jib germ theory of illness applied in traditional medicine, they state that this theory does not give convincing explanations about the reasons of illnesses.As states Leonard Bruno in his obligate Western Herbal Remedies They argue that many diseases and co nditions come about because the individuals inner force or natural immune system is weakened or out of balance. Therefore, they prescribe herbal or plant remedies that are found in nature in order to return an individuals natural inner balance, strengthen the oppositeness to disease, and maintain good health. (Bruno) Herbalists use a plant as a whole to treat their patients. In contrast to conventional medicine, where healing characteristics of medicines are establish on single chemical constituents, herbal specialists use plants. apiece plant provides a unique combination of elements and curing effect is achieved by this unique combination. Herbalists believe that even if we take a combination of all components, which constitute one plant, they will not be as strong as same components, which are found in this plant. So called whole plant philosophy is based on the idea that plant is much more than a sum of its components. Each plant consists of hundreds of diametric elements an d their combination is unique for each plant. This combination gives plant its unique characteristics, which are used in herbal medicine.An effect, created by the sum of components and elements bringed in the planed is called synergism. This peculiarity of herbal medicine becomes a subject of controversy because it is not accepted by conventionally trained professionals. The list of active constituents can not serve as an explanation of curing effects of herbal medicines. Herbal remedies influence human body in same chemical manner as synthetic drugs do. From the other boldness there are several distinctions, which make an effect of herbal medicines and synthetic drugs on organism different.Herbal medicines consist of embarrassing combination of different elements and these elements affect several organs. These elements get to blood by indirect ways that is why their effect can be not as quick as the one of synthetic medicines but it will definitely be more extensive. Herbs gener ally make a complex pharmaceutical system. They contain vitamins, minerals, trace elements of different oils, alkaloids, tannins and many other elements. Complexity of effects herbs have on human organism can be traced on different examples.For example, both, tea and coffee contain practically similar dozes of caffeine but everybody knows that coffee usually has stronger stimulating effect. This effect can be explained by big measuring rod of tannin, contained in tea. Tannin prevents caffeine from absorbing and this reduces teas stimulating effect. (Holmes, 118) Another example is a comparison of synthetic antibiotics and garlic. Garlic is known as one of the best natural antibiotics but its action is based in principles, which differ from the action of antibiotics.Antibiotics kill bacteria and stop illness. But they kill all kinds of bacteria, including ones which are necessary for good functioning of an organism. In contrast to synthetic antibiotics, garlic does not kill bacteri a useful for organism and even depravity versa, stimulates them. Since herbal treatment is based on holistic approach qualified herbalist starts his treatment with long interview with a patient. His interview sometimes covers different spheres of clients life because in alternative medicine physical health is not separated from mental and emotional state.Latest researches prove that a lot of illnesses have psychosomatic nature and that is why it is not enough to treat only physical side of the problem. The cause of the problem, which causes an illness, can sometimes differ from a diagnosis made by mainstream professionals. Special diet and exercising can be added to the course of herbal treatment in order to improve the result. Peculiarities of Herbal Medicine Herbal treatment can be used for treating practically all known diseases and in the most cases herbs can replace synthetic drugs used in conventional medicine.Effectiveness of herbs is proved by multiple investigations. Herba l remedies are used for different purposes. They can improve digestion, stimulate respiratory and circulatory systems of organism. Other kinds of herbal remedies are used to improve the functioning of nervous and endocrine systems. Stimulating these systems helps to strengthen immune system. Herbs perfectly remove toxins from organism. Usually herbs are classified according to the sphere of their use. Some herbs are used to stimulate nervous activity, other have antiseptic action and are used to treat infections. Medical use of herbs is diverse.Herbs are used to make oils, infusions, tinctures, and salves. There are several ways of herbal administration. Herbs can be drunk, others are used for external treatment only. There are special herbal capsules. Mainstream physicians rarely prescribe herbal treatment and those, who want to be treated with the help of herbs should point out qualified herbalist of naturopathic physician. Unfortunately, insurance companies very rarely cover the cost of herbal treatment. This kind of treatment can be covered only in the cases when herbal treatment is prescribed by mainstream physician. Herbalism vs. Conventional MedicineConventional medicine is often opposed to herbalism. There are several key differences, which differ these two systems. Despite orthodox medicine is a dominating medical system there are a lot of people who turn to alternative methods, including herbal remedies. There are several factors, which explain this phenomenon. First of all orthodox medicine shows its failure. There are a lot of cases when synthetic drugs can not help people. As states Williams, the vacuum created by the abandonment of nutrition by orthodox medicine, is directly responsible for nutrition becoming an alternative therapy.In other words, the so called food faddists and nutrition quacks so often complained about by the medical profession, owe their very existence and continued survival to orthodox medicine Nature, as they say, abhors a vacuum. (Williams, 112) Growing popularity of herbal medicine proves his thesis about the failing of orthodox medicine. The conflict between conventional and herbal medicine presents two different systems of believes. These two systems show two different approaches to human health. Representatives of orthodox medicine do not want any changes to occur.They do not recognize alternative medicine as a valid system of treating people. At the same time there are representatives of orthodox medicine, who use alternative methods as a supplementary means to their orthodox methods. In this case we meet a kind of controversy when orthodox specialists use separate holistic methods while rejecting holistic medicine in general. Conventional medicine does not use individual approach to each patient. In conventional medicine all similar symptoms are usually treated by same medicines.Many patients feel alienated by their physicians, who do not always seem to treat them as individuals. This alienatio n is compounded by the often extreme costs of high-tech medicine. Further, many synthetic drugs have adverse side effects, or have been overused to the point of no longer being effective (Bruno) Modern herbalism is based on several principles. First of all its main goal is to optimize health and wellness. The accent in treatment is made on the state of the person as a whole, but not separate symptoms. Individual approach is one of main principles of herbal medicine.Uniqueness of each individual is a main treasure in herbal medicine. Such an approach is contrasted to conventional medicine which uses standard approach to all patients. Conventional medicine uses a single drug to treat single disease. Herbal medicine treats each patient individually. Herbal specialists believe that similar symptoms of illnesses can be caused by different reasons and that is why they treat each person individually. Herbal medicine is based on the principle of slender balance, which maintains our mind an d body in healthy condition. When this balance is broken a disease starts.In this case disease is regarded as a signal about broken balance and that is why herbal medicine makes everything possible to renew the balance. Such an approach can not guarantee quick treating of all symptoms because all treatment is directed to renew balance. Specialists of herbal medicine believe that organism is able to cure itself as soon as its balance is renewed. As states Leonard Bruno hence the person who takes an herbal remedy should not always expect to see all symptoms disappear immediately, since the natural medicine is intended rather to support the bodys systems.The veracious functioning body will then remedy the symptoms (Bruno) Holistic approach used in herbalism is contrasted to philosophy of reductionism, expressed by conventional medicine. Orthodox medicine aims to achieve the state of optimum health where people experience as little pain symptoms as possible. Holistic medicine derives from the notion of holism or balanced functioning of an organism, which becomes the main sours of healthy condition. As states Williams in his book Nutrition against Disease Unlike reductionism, holism does not seek to fragment, or take down artificial limitations upon, human knowledge and learning.Rather than dissect the body into numerous separate and independent functional areas , it recognises the interdependence of our various bodily systems. (Williams, 79) When speaking about dissecting the body into pieces, he definitely speaks about orthodox medicine, which does not regard human body as a one organic unity and treats each symptom and each organ separately. Merits and Demerits of Herbal Medicine Herbal remedies have a lot of advantages. First of all they are natural products, which have cushy effect on human organism. Herbal medicines can be used to treat practically all illnesses.Along with positive sides, herbal medicine have some demerits. Herbal medicines do not have s o quick effect as synthetic drugs do. Like it was mentioned before herbal medicines treat the causes of an illness, not its symptoms, that is why it can require longer course of treatment to treat all dysfunctions of an organism. People should be aware that using herbal and conventional medicines together without the doctors advice can be dangerous. Synthetic and herbal medicines can come in conflict and cause negative effect on human organism.Despite all advantages of herbal medicine and its good impact on human health it is necessary to remember about potential dangers when using herbs for medical purpose. The most toxic and dangerous medicines are produced from plants. Natural origin of herbal medication does not make them completely safe. There is a danger of debase or overuse of medicines produced from plants. It is true that the most remedies produced from plants are safe but it is still necessary to address a doctor before using herbs as medicines.In addition there is dange r of different reactions when herbal remedies are used together with conventional medicines. That is why each person must bear on a herbalist before turning to herb treatment. Possible demerits of herbal medicines are fully compensated by positive sides of these remedies. In the most cases herbal remedies are not less effective than synthetic drugs but have much less side effects, if any. Most of conventional drugs have many side effects. Treating one symptom, they hurt other part of an organism. Natural remedies never or very seldom cause side effects.Herbal medicines can make an alternative to practically all synthetic drugs and using them people can escape negative effects of synthetic drugs. Natural remedies are especially adapted for children who are very sensitive to different chemical components. Herbalism becomes very popular among young parents, who try to use only natural products for their small children. Natural remedies can be used for people, who are allergic to synt hetic drugs. Herbalism uses holistic approach, which helps to treat an organism as one whole and individual approach helps to choose treatment effective for each separate individual.That is the reason people turn to herbal medicines again. Conclusion Western history of medicine is mainly the history of herbal medicine and I am sure that herbalism will occupy deserved place in the future medical system. Since ancient times people used herbs to treat different diseases and it was hard to find any disease which could not have being cured with the help of herbal remedies. Herbal medicine went through the period of line of descent during the time after the Second World War.During this time synthetic drugs replaced herbs and people turned to so called conventional medicine. Nowadays the situation is changed again and people start using more and more herbal medicines. Latest research made by the World Health Organization states that more than 80 percent of people turn to herbal treatment in different forms and believe that it is an effective medical method. (Micozzi) Dispute between herbal and conventional medicine lasts since the development of orthodox medicine and both sides have strong arguments to defend their positions.Herbal medicine is an effective system of treatment and prevention disease and scientific recognition it gets in the official world, is a good proof of its effectiveness. If we consider all reasons pro et contra herbal medicine, we will understand that it deserves to occupy a descent place in the modern world. May be it will not be able to replace orthodox medicine but it can be used as an alternative way of treatment in many cases. Lack of information about alternative types of treatment often deprives people of additional opportunities to choose treatments suitable for them.Works Cited Bruno C. Leonard Herbal remedies, western. Encyclopedia of Medicine. 20010406. FindArticles. com. 16 Mar. 2007. http//www. findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_g2601 /is_0006/ai_2601000663 Butterfield, J. and Sexton, J. in the altogether Remedies for Old Ills USA Weekend, Dec 30, 1994-Jan 01, 1995. Helman, C. Culture, Health, and Illness, 3rd ed. Oxford Butterworth Hellman, 1994. Holmes, P, The Energetics of Western Herbs, revised 3rd ed. , Vol. 1, pull the wool over someones eyes Lotus Press Inc. , Colorado, USA, 1997. . Holmes, P, Jade Remedies, A Chinese Herbal Reference for the West, Vol.1, Snow Lotus Press Inc. , Colorado, USA, 1996. Micozzi, M. ed Fundamentals of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. New YorkChurchill Livingston, 1996 Mysteriously, L. Western Hebraism, pp 111-120 in Fundamentals of Complementary and Alterative Medicine. New York Churchill Livingstone, 1996. Williams, R. J. , Nutrition Against Disease, Pitman Publishing Corp. , New York, USA, 1971. Shein-Chung Chow Annpey Pong Yu-Wei Chang On Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Trials Drug Information Journal 2006 40, 4 Health Module pg. 395

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

Mikes Bikes Marketing Plan Essay

Executive summaryM3p rides corporation is a bicycle manufacturing company that provides products and services to the local community of Sydney NSW. Our production plant manufactures a variety of bicycles which we get by to customers through a variety of retailers & wholesalers including bike shops, sport shops & discount stores.The principal(prenominal) idea of the strategy is to take the middle route in regards to alternateing, operations & finance. This way, we would non be lagging in any sector, and thus no other firm can take advantage of us in any sector. By marketing sure we have reputable investments in advertisement, public relations, distribution and etc, we would be able to watch the market and pounce on opportunities that may rise, composition non worrying close tout ensemble of our other sectors of business, that s for the really early rollovers (The introduction of mountain bike).For the next coming years we pull up stakes be introducing another 2 different t ypes of bikes, pass bike, & jejuneness bike. Each of the 2 bikes allow for have its ownstrategy. Our road bike product strategy will be based on high pricing, lower volume and that for the reason Road bike segment argon not sensitive to damage as other segments al virtually will pay up to 2500$ for the right bike, all what customers care about in this segment is the Quality of the bike. We will not be focus alike much on advertising since this segment focus more on the advice of a sales assistance, word of mouth & Friends past experience. The youth bike segment product strategy will be based on low price, higher volume. Product has to be durable, but also relatively inexpensive while having the best image on the block. Youth Bike segment is in truth large, the demand for a product is determined by umpteen factors in addition to the product attributes. These also include a focus on Advertising and distribution.All we want to make sure is that we are not lagging extremely c ornerstone in any sector, but at the same time not spread our notes out in too many sectors without a focus. While maintaining a small balance, we will spend the majority of our funds in a sector such lumber, so that we manage that we have a great competitive edge in one orbit. Thus, we will be able to focus our products, lines of bikes, marketing around that one area to reduce dispersed expense.Over all, our team will do well in the intentness. We will be able to maintain high sales and receipts that kept our management and staff motivated. Teamwork and morale in our firm is outstanding and we will be giving shareholders and a customer continues support.Our company is operating in a western capitalist economy with a population of approximately 15 million people. Customers are having high income and want from a particular bike to suit their individual needs.Market is separated into the three sections. The low cost Youth Bike, mid-range Mountain Bike and the high end Road bikes . Due to the very competitive market, government is regulating and prohibiting competition from other countries. Only local manufactures are able to produce, at the beginning just Mountain Bike segment, later(prenominal) on the rest two also.Consumers are not limited to a single market, many of them will bepurchasing multiple bikes, but all of them have specific preferences. Successful company will meet customers needs and maximize sales by growing the potential market size as well as taking sales from competitors.Every segment has different expectations most important things are design or path and technical specification. All products are sensitive because of life cycle and therefore needs to be modified through the years.Demand for the product is determined by many factors, like pricing, caliber, advertising and distribution. Consumers are able to choose to buy from three categories of retailers. Bike shops, sports stores and discount stores. Proportion is different for every b ike. Every retailer is different with some specifications. Everything has to be combine, all the customers, retailers but also production needs. The better we could deal with this problem, the more successful the M3P bikes could be.Distribution is specific because the number of conduct will decide to bloodline the products or not. It depends on the retail price, margin, unit sales history and also extra support. Media are also playing very crucial role. There are 3 basic choices to advertising a product and public relations campaigns. There are television, internet and magazines. Advertising is about raising product awareness level by running advertising campaigns. Every kind of advertising is sensible on different things. More money we are able to afford more multiple media are reach effectively.In the case of public relations, some products are more sensitive and some less. It also very important step to brand advertising. Having high brand awareness makes consumers more aware o f company and more likely to buy their product. Maintaining a constant expand of branding is important in a process of gaining a loyal customer.SwotStrengths Ability to maintain the middle route creating a well cognize international brand. predict and utilize different advertising tools to create good product awareness. Very efficient with our product output. forecast sales extremely accurately Producing high products on an affordable level we are revolve around making sure we are not lagging behind in any major sector of our business so that other firms would be able to take advantage of us.Weakness very high expenses on advertising and promotion, distribution & quality Limited budgetsOpportunities opportunities lie within the branding bracket continue to create a brand that is well known for quality and price. continue to grow rapidly as a competitive force within the cycling industry. by-line the best distribution channels for every bike. Following the safe side trying our best for not putting any debts, so we keep in control of our expenses for a certain point.Threats threats come from our main competitors. must continue to compete with the firms in price, quality & distribution.VisionM3p bikes are dedicated to providing quality products and services to our valued customers at affordable prices.Mission biddingProvide quality and affordable products,Put customers first,Increase profits,m3p bikes is a manufacturer committed to make FUN affordable for everyone. We are committed to not just the sport of cycling, but the Joy that a long ride bike can bring. We spark healthy living family bonds in our community by having the most affordable prices and ensuring top-notch customer satisfaction. We make certain that everyone who buys one of our cycles also receives a basic safety guide. Above all else we here at m3p bikes believe in good, clean active fun.ValuesFocus on customers,Social responsibility,Integrity,Teamwork,Opportunity and issue analysis* Mantain a brand that is well known for quality and price M3p Bikes has the increasingly developed infrastructure for bicycles. * Rapidly grown as a competitive force within the cycling industry While the bicycle industry is affected to some degree by the circular nature of the economy, bicycle and accessory sales never fall completely flat since there are many people that ride bikes regardless if it is economic boom or bust. * Competitors There are another 6 companies competing the market with M3p Bikes. Key of success* Reliability.* Convenience.* invincible selection of quality.* Outstanding customer service.Critical IssuesM3p Bikes is still in the speculative stages as a start-up organization. The critical issues that it faces are * The need to take a traditionalist approach to expansion. Expansion must not occur for the sake of growth in itself, but should occur because the customers will be better served. * Continue to manakin brand awareness, driving customers to M3p Bikes. * Maintai n good relationships with suppliers.Goals & objectivesGoals are the milestones by which achievement of the purpose statement are measured. The Goals also represent the vision for the company governance in the future. In order to implement the purpose of the M3p Bikes Plan, the following goals are/will be established 1. Mantain the high quality of sales and services that M3p Bikes is known for. 2. Maintain a financially healthy business and validate the trust and advocacy of other people in support of this business purchase.3. Develop bicycler safetyAchieve monthly and yearly sales better than the previous year under the former owner. Focus marketing on our high quality to maintain current growth in sales and service revenue.General information about, Segmentation, targeting, strategies & marketing mixMarketing Strategy* Promotional campaignM3P Bikes will be visible at the two major industry trade shows. 75% of the retail bicycle shops attend at least one trade show a year. The show s provide retailers an opportunity to view upcoming products and chat with representatives from the companies as well place pre-season orders. Thiscampaign will also encourage retailers to stock and promote our bikes. We will provide them a small percentage of profit for that. Extra support is useful to achieve short term boost in distribution coverage as our product is new in market. We are offering discounts, brochures, trials to attract customers.Target marketBikes are such kind of conveyance system that can be used by all kind of people. we got 3 different kinds of bikes. In 1st year we are only focusing on mountain bikes. After 2 or 3 years of our company we are going to launch bikes in the market such as, Road bikes and Youth bikes. We have different target markets for these different kinds of bikes.