Racism affects everybody Essay Example for Free

Racism affects everybody Essay This is shown in the movie ‘Australia’, how everyone can be affected by racism. Many different ways of racism towards people in the movie ‘Australia’. A few of the main characters that are affected in the movie is Nullah, The Drover, Lady Ashley. The people that are being most affected in the movie would have to be the indigenous, that’s because the time the movie was set in, was when the white australia policy was happening, so pretty much every Australian was being racist towards aboriginal people. Racism is problem that everybody is affected in the world today. In the movie Australia, all the aboriginal people was being well behaved, did everything they was told and followed the rules. Even then people was still be racist towards them. Some of the ways racism was shown in the movie was how the aboriginals wasn’t allowed in the pubs, also Neil Fletcher was using Daisy for sex and didn’t show any respect and also beat her and his son up. So pretty much all the Australians in this time period was against all indigenous people and all japanese because at the time australia was at war with japan and japan ended up bombing darwin. Nullah in the movie was a half cast, so he wasn’t fully aboriginal or australian, he felt left out because he wasn’t black or white, he was only a creamy colour. He was like this because of Neil Fletcher using his mother for sex. Nullah and his mother wasn’t treated with any respect at all and both of them was also beat up, it was because Neil fletcher played a big part in being racist towards Indigenous people. A good example of racism towards Nullah is when he is about to get on the ship to the mission and a young australian boy was yelling to him and saying â€Å"Creamy† and kept saying that to Nullah. Near the end of the movie Nullah wants to go ‘walk about’ with his Grandfather. If you go on this ‘walk about’ It means you become a man, it’s part of the aboriginal tradition, even though Nullah isn’t a full blooded aboriginal, he still wants to keep live by his aboriginal culture and follow the aboriginal tradition and become a man through the true aboriginal way. The reason all this racism was happening towards the aboriginal people was because of the government. They had made a policy in the australia called the white australia policy, this policy wanted australia to only have fully white blooded australians in australia only. The half cast kids like ‘Nullah’ was sent to a mission to learn about the christianity and how australians live, the other reason they were sent there is because australian people wasn’t proud of having sex with aboriginal women and then they didn’t want half cast kids in the public because it would remind them of what they did with those aboriginal women and they didn’t want that. So the government made missions where, the half cast kids were taken from their families by the police and wasn’t allowed to see their families again. The kids that were taken when they were are now called the stolen generation. The two people in the movie that werent being racist towards aboriginal people was The Drover and Lady Ashley, this was because they both had a connection with the aboriginal people in the movie, The Drover’s partner in the movie was an aboriginal and The Drover felt like he was an aboriginal and thought that people treated him like one. He also sticked up for his partner at the pub, this shows how close Drover was to his partner. Lady was close to aboriginal people because of Nullah’s mother dying and she took up mothering for Nullah, this made a strong connection between them. When Neil Fletcher was beating up Nullah Lady Ashley stepped in and protected Nullah. In conclusion, It doesn’t matter if someone is being racist towards an individual, it will affect other people to. Even all the years ago, when the white australia policy was taking place, the racism towards the aboriginals and the stolen generation, It is still affecting most of Australia today and a lot of people are sorry to the stolen generation because what the government did was very wrong and it didn’t take not long to see what they done. Racism still happens today everywhere and it does affect everyone.

Write a critical appreciation of Marvells To his coy mistress. How Ess

Write a critical appreciation of Marvell's To his coy mistress. How does the lover in this poem make you feel? This poem is about a man, who is likely to be Marvell seducing his sweetheart and trying to persuade her to sleep with him. This essay will look at different parts of the poem such as how it is written and the atmosphere of it. The poem is about a man seducing his sweet heart and trying to persuade her to go to bed with him. He tries to scare her by telling her that if she does not let him sleep with her and carries on as a virgin than she will die a virgin and nothing but the worms will invade her virginity. He tries to reason with her that if they had all the time in the world it would not matter if she was modest and towards the end of the poem he tells her, they don't have all the time in the world so they should seize their chance, he cant "make the sun stand still" to wait for her. He also tells her that the "grave is a fine and private place" where no one will embrace her. The poem is written as a syllogism, or an argument that is set out in thr...

Language Is Not the Only Problem Faced by International Students

Language is not the only problem faced by international students in the UK. To what extent do you agree with this statement? International students are very important for the economic growth of the UK. Number of international students in UK was about 405,910 in 2009 and in 2010 it increased up to 428,225 (which is about 6%). These students play a very important role in UK’s economy and bring huge income to the country. Shane Spiers, managing director of UNITE says â€Å"The UK's higher education sector-and, indeed, the UK economy-rely heavily on the income derived from international students†. As the research from the Department for Business Innovation and Skills called Estimating the value to the UK of Education Experts (June 2011) says that in 2008-2009 income of the tuition fee to the UK was oven than ? 4 billion where ? 2. 4 billion for HE, ? 139 million for FE and ? 880 million for english language. The same BIS research noticed that in 2025 this number could rise as high as ? 26 billion. Another income for UK income comes from science, technology, engineering and mathematics’: 40% of UK postgraduates, 50% of those doing full-time research degrees. English language became an international language and this is one of the main reasons why many students travel to UK to learn english. Another reason is that education in UK is recognized as high level or â€Å"world-class education†. International students in UK can face many problems and the most common one is the language barrier. Even for students who know english it may be hard for them to understand dialect of UK citizens. For example: In class teacher speaks academic english and uses special words which depend on the subject that they are learning.This is a common problem, but teachers are always ready to help students, so in a way, this issue is solved. There are many other problems that could be more serious for the students. International students are living in a foreign cou ntry where they could be victims of racial discrimination or they could face financial difficulties or just feel homesick of their country. Most of the students are inexperienced in living away from their home, so this is their first experience in an unfamiliar environment with different culture and traditions, trying to adapt and co-exist with the others.Evidently at the beginning they can face problems such as culture shock and the difficulties in communication. Two general issues are very popular for most of the international students which are finance managing and making/finding/building friendship. This essay will define three very popular problems that international students may face. Life and education in UK is very expensive and it might be hard for some students to afford it, so they have to borrow large amount of money from their parents or relatives in order to pay for education and life in UK. Students must be very good in managing finances.Comparing cost of products in UK with the cost of products in their home country will be different, so it might be hard for them at the beginning to manage their finances. Mis-allocation of finance can lead to large loss of money and at the end of year students may be left destitute. Apart from this overseas education represents a huge investment by family and students may feel that they have to return this money or at least to make a profit by working in part-time job and limit their expenditures. Students probably may try their best to reduce the pressure on their family.Students will try to concentrate more spend more time looking for work rather than concentrating on studying. Many university activities require membership fees to enter the society and may have further expenses for some trips or extra activities. This could keep away the students from joining the societies or clubs and isolating them from the social part of the university life. This could lead to loneliness and depression. Finance problems ca n push student to reduce the time at work available for study and this can cause academic consequences.According to the managing finances, problems with communication and friendship can happen. The satisfaction level of living in UK is very important and makes a positive impact on academy. This satisfaction can be provided by friendship with other students and more likely with British people. Friendship with local students could be more useful than friendship with co-national by several reasons the main one is the language improvement. However, international students may find it difficult. The reason of that is the big difference in culture or mentality.International students can find their behavior strange or dissimilar in contrast with people in their homeland. Communication is not just talking, it also contains eye contact, body language, tone of voice and even national privileges. All together they can make communication very easy or can be a cause of disaffection. For instance, international students may struggle with eye contact – when to give eye contact or where to look away and do not make people feel uncomfortable. Tone of voice also can be a reason of misunderstanding.The rules of communication people get from their parents and mentality and to change them can be hard. Finally, international students can have a problem known as â€Å"culture shock†. First this problem was defined by Canadian anthropologist Kalervo Oberg in 1960. Dr. Oberg stated that culture shock is â€Å"the anxiety that results from losing familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse†. The most common signs of â€Å"culture shock† are homesickness, avoiding contact with the locals, marital stress, loss of concentration, frequent desire to cry, and losses of all the aims in UK.Mostly duration of culture shock is 6 month but for some student may be longer. During this time students are comparing new country to their homeland. In conclusion, internati onal students in UK face many problems apart from the language barrier. All of these problems may have a negative impact on studies. However, solving these problems will help students to become morally stronger and more responsible. These three general problems can teach an international student how to adapt fast in a new country in his or her future life.These problems cannot stay unsolved and if students are struggling with them in university they can find some free tutorials and tutors who can give a good advice about how to juggle study with solving these problems. References Sally Adamson Taylor (2010,). Retrieved from http:// americansintoulouse. com/index. php? option=com_content&view=article&id=13&Itemid=47 Machalicek W. , Ganz J. B. , Flores . M. , Zimbelman M (2005-2009) Retrieved from http://www. asdvisualaids. com/social-communication-difficulties. htmlShane Spiers, (2011, June). Retrieved from http://ukcisa. org. uk , http://smartmoverelocate. com Colleen Ward, Stephen Bochner, Adrian Furnham (2001) Retrieved from book: The Psychology of Culture Shock (Second edition) Maureen S. , Andrade and Norman W. Evans (2009) Retrieved from book: International students – Strengthening a Critical Resource. Published by Rowman & Littlefield Education. Nannette Rundle Carroll (2010) Retrieved from book: The Communication Problem Solver. Simple tools and Techniques for Busy Managers

Stereotypical Depiction And Hegemonic Masculinity - 901 Words

...Tell me is it cool to fuck?† or Jay-Z’s hit song: 99 problems, â€Å"99 Problems but a bitch ain t one. If you having girl problems. I feel bad for you son. I got 99 problems but a bitch ain t one.Hit me.† Each song displays a different type of hatred and is sexually degrading towards women in their own way. However, many of these rappers face the pressures of their hierarchy, the corporations that produce this music, and find what its viewers are listening and responding to the most. The content of the messages in these rap lyrics has become more hardcore over the past years in order to make records sell, because that’s what consumers like, that’s what they want to hear. The negative depiction and hegemonic masculinity are what is making these records sell. Consumers play a key role in the process. Misogynistic representations of women and the more general marketing of â€Å"hood narratives†, occur in part, in response to a perceived consu mer demand for stereotypical representations of the ghetto, and specifically of young Black men and women (Watkins 2001:389). Negative representation towards women isn’t only talked about in their songs, but shown in the popular music videos that played on stations aimed for kids of the younger generation, such as MTV. It is found that women in rap music videos were more likely then men to be associated with themes of misogyny. The prominence of misogyny as a theme may be related to viewers’ expression of similar attitudes towards their ownShow MoreRelatedEssay on Masculinity and Race1594 Words   |  7 PagesMasculinity and Race Historically, masculinity in the United States has been constructed as being White Protestant Anglo-Saxon, furthermore heterosexual and in charge of all matters, and this definition sets standards against which other men are measured an evaluated. Michael Kimmel provides a good definition: [†¦], Young, married, white, urban heterosexual, Protestant father of college education, fully employed, of good complexion, weight and height and a recent record in sports(271). Read MoreVocal Performances in American Stand-Up Comedy2303 Words   |  10 Pagesgendered and sexualized performances (Giltrow 276). According to Delph-Janiurek, voices are limited within the confines of certain societal hegemonic norms. 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Television Makeovers2134 Words   |  9 PagesHowever, both Hollywood and the media lack the proper reflection of this type of society. In Brenda Weber’s article, What Makes the Man? Television Makeovers, Made-Over Masculinity, and Male Body Image,9 she examines how capital institutions seek to influence dominant, manly males by creating â€Å"the standard† of a self-made, hegemonic man. She discusses the three main qualities men strive to have: physical attractiveness, upper body strength, and physical conditioning; leading to male body satisfaction

How I Met My Wife I - 1068 Words

HOW I MET MY WIFE I was on my way back to Chicago from Vietnam, where I had been a war correspondent attached to the First Marine Division at DaNang. I had lived for a while in Australia, spent a week in New Zealand, and now I was in the airport at Auckland. I had gone up on the walkaway above the waiting room. Looking over the crowd of travelers, a beautiful tall redhead appeared with orange curls, very elegant in her best traveling clothes. Mmmm. She was something like Deborah Kerr in AN AFFAIR TO REMEMBER with Cary Grant, but with a long Viking face. I made my way downstairs and inserted myself into her path, saying, Hello. I was a rough, common-looking character in blue jeans, and her nose was in the air. She sniffed,Hello, back, but she didn t notice me at all. I was quite beneath her line of vision. We were on the same plane to Tahiti, but I didn t get to speak to her again. In Tahiti, I met up with a tennis pro who was on a world tour and we hung out. And then one night I ran into the redhead again, in a hotel lounge. She was with a Swiss fellow I had also met--and I was to learn later that he had warned her not to have anything to do with me, that I looked disreputable. But anyway I asked her to dance. There was beautiful music playing and the Polynesian waves were hitting the shore under a bright moon, palm trees waving in the breeze. She turned me down. So I asked again. She turned me down again. The third time I asked her, she danced with me. And afterShow MoreRelatedHow I Met Your Mother2222 Words   |  9 PagesSeason 9 Finally of How I Met Your Mother Is there such thing as the perfect series being completely ruined by the finally? Or maybe a bad season being saved by the perfect finally? That’s the question that comes to hand when people talk about the season nine final of â€Å"How I Met Your Mother† that premiered on March 31st, 2014. On that day the nation split, of those who fell in love with the season but hated the final, and those who hated the final season but loved the finally. Well here is the coldRead MoreHow I Met Your Mother2217 Words   |  9 PagesSeason 9 Finale of How I Met Your Mother Is there such thing as the perfect series being completely ruined by the finale? Or maybe a bad season being saved by the perfect finale? That’s the question that comes to hand when people talk about the season nine final of â€Å"How I Met Your Mother† that premiered on March 31st, 2014. On that day the nation split, of those who fell in love with the season, but hated the final, and those who hated the final season but loved the finale. Well, here is the coldRead MoreAn Essay About My Life846 Words   |  4 Pagessupporting me financially and buying presents for everyone. Wife: I liked his manners, he is always respecting me, consult with me, always I feel that he is proud of me and pleasing me in front of the people. He is very loyal and is able to make me happy and the most beautiful woman for him. Who asked who to get married? How did you decide that this was the person you would like to marry? What about this person made you decide to say â€Å"yes†? Wife: According to our culture, the man who usually asks theRead MoreBiological Vs. Biological Perspective1470 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluencing our behavior when we interact with others, how we perceive events, and how others perceive us. This influence can lead to either a good or bad event occurring. As I explained about when I first met my wife, I was nervous and shy, I had that light headed feeling, and other feelings as well. The biological changes going on inside me helped me to realize that there was something about her that was different from other women I had met. The biological perspective plays an important part inRead MoreThe Autobiography of Jeffery Culverson Jr976 Words   |  4 PagesEver since I was a little boy, I had dreams of becoming someone great in life. I always imagined myself doing wonderous things and traveling the world. I was born Jeffery Lawrence Culverson Jr on July 29th, 1980 to Tammy Collins and Jeffery Culverson in Las Vegas, Nevada. All though I had big aspirations as a little boy, I learned quickly in life that what you want is not always what you get. My parents had three children; two girls and myself, but they were never together while I was growingRead MoreMarriage in The Ceiling by Kevin Brockmeier892 Words   |  4 Pagesprotagonist, th e husband, becomes more and more separated from his wife. As the tension increases between the protagonist and his wife, Brockmeier symbolizes a failing marriage between the husband and wife as he depicts the ceiling in the sky closing upon the town in which they live, and eventually crushing the town entirely as a whole. A major sign in â€Å"The Ceiling† is the lack of communication between the narrator and his wife, Melissa. An essential component in marriage is the ability to optimisticallyRead MoreThe Army - Original Writing884 Words   |  4 PagesThe army When I met my wife (Lisa) in the year 2000 in upstate New York in the city of Glens Falls, that’s when everything changed. I knew she was the one I was going to stay with the rest of my life, yes, we had are up’s, and down, but for the next three to 11 years was going to be different. I just felt something was going to be exciting about this last marriage. For the first three years we had a great time getting to know each other, we both had good jobs working at printing companies. LisaRead MoreAnalysis Of Alan Jackson s Remember When 1000 Words   |  4 Pagesperiod in his marriage, which was when he and his wife got separated and then reconciled† several months later (The Boot Staff). In the song â€Å"Remember When† by Alan Jackson, the lyrics, music video, and history reveal the events in his life with his wife so they will remember as they grow old together. In â€Å"Remember When†, Alan Jackson reflects on his past with his wife on their life together. Throughout the song, he mentions when they first met, getting married, separating, reconciling, and growingRead MoreRemember When By Alan Jackson1047 Words   |  5 Pagesperiod in his marriage, which was when he and his wife got separated and then reconciled† several months later (The Boot Staff). In the song â€Å"Remember When† by Alan Jackson, the lyrics, music video, and history reveal the events in his life with his wife so they will remember as they grow old together. In â€Å"Remember When†, Alan Jackson reflects on his past with his wife on their life together. Throughout the song, he mentions when they first met, getting married, separating, reconciling, and growingRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Raymond Carver s The Cathedral Essay956 Words   |  4 Pages He was aware of what his wife has lived in the past, but had no interest on her or what she likes to do. Not only this, but he would also judge people just by the way they talk or their names. But so, the blind man as the narrator calls Robert because of his disability, does the opposite. Despite being away, Robert had been in contact with her for years. He had knowledge of everything she had been through perhaps even more than her own husband. Carver’s story shows how a person who thinks superior

Prohibition and the Mafia Essay - 740 Words

The prohibition caused much controversy in the 1920’s. The 18th amendment was passed on Jan 16, 1920, it said in Title II, Section 3 the National Prohibition Act states that No person shall on or after the date when the 18th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States goes into effect, manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized in this act. (United States constitution). The Prohibition opened up many big business opportunities in the illegal marketing of alcohol. The people who took advantage of this opportunity were known as â€Å"Bootleggers†. With the enactment of this law organized crime was established, allowing men such as Al Capone to capitalize†¦show more content†¦With everyone wanting and buying alcohol it increased the demand for it, which is when organized crime started. Once the organized crime families were established they were the main contributors to the illegal â€Å"Bootlegging† of alcohol. During the 20’s there was a great deal of violent crimes. Most of them could be connected back to the organized crime families. Alphonse Gabriel â€Å"Al† Capone was a gangster who led illegal activities such as the smuggling and the bootlegging of alcohol during the prohibition. Even though he had a tough exterior he was a caring man he was the first to open up a soup kitchen in Chicago (hammer). Capone’s estimated annual revenue was around 100 million dollars. He had many men working for him such as Frank Nitti, August Pisano and Louis Morganno. He supplied Chicago with most of its alcohol. (Capone: the man and his era). Capone was said to be involved with many violent crimes, as the same with many of the men who could be classified as organized crime gangsters. With t the lack of evidence and the numerous amount of people that Capone had paid off the police were never able to charge him with any of numerous amounts of crimes. One of the most well known killings that Capone was said to be involved with was the ST. Valentines Day massacre. Capone’s men enter a competitors garage dressed as policemen and killed 6 other gangster. There were few occasions where he was arrested but was released due to lack of evidence. The 1927Show MoreRelatedThe Mafia of the Prohibition Era1896 Words   |  8 PagesAlthough the Mafia is most associated with the Prohibition era of the 1920’s when it dominated crime in all major US cities, the true beginnings of the most infamous criminal organization started quite earlier. Beginning in the late 1800s, many Italians immigrated to New York City due to contin ued rumors of success in the area. This trend continued out of the 19th century and into the 20th as over 500,000 Italians immigrated to the United States (Sifakis). As Italian citizens migrated to the citiesRead MoreThe Chicago Mafia During The Prohibition Era1236 Words   |  5 Pagesas the leader of the Chicago mafia during the Prohibition era. Before being sent to Alcatraz Prison in 1931 from a tax evasion conviction, he had amassed a personal fortune estimated at $100 million and was responsible for countless murders† (Biography.com Editors, 2015). Most organized crime syndicates had police officers, federal officers and public officials in their pocket offering them more money than most would make in a year working for the city. The prohibition was very weakly enforced, andRead MoreThe Street Empire916 Words   |  4 Pagesbecame common, and many people would purchase bootlegged alcohol through illegal manners. Criminals and gangsters viewed the prohibition as a method of making money fast, and created an organized system concentrated on manufacturing and distributing of alcoholic beverages. Organized crime has always been notoriously feared; however, they became successful during the Prohibition era in the 1920s. They established an organized system and evolved into a successful, established, and dangerous organizationRead MoreHistory of the American Mafia Essay1512 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of the American Mafia Imagine living in a world where crime ruled. A world where gangsters were more powerful than politicians, owned the police, and ran the city in whatever way they felt. They robbed whom they wanted and killed when they didnt get their way. Now stop imagining and realize that this happened here in the United States of America in the 1920s. It was run by an organization made up mainly of Italians called the Mafia. 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The days of Al Capone comes to mind more then any other organized criminal. This gave a perception as to what organized crime consists of and this is how viewed. The alien conspiracy theory posits that organized crime (the Mafia) gained prominence during the 1860s in Sicily and that Sicilian immigrants are responsible for the foundations of U.S. organized crimeRead MoreProhibition and Repeal 18th 21st Amendments766 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish III Honors Period 4 Prohibition Prohibition was the eighteenth amendment. It prohibited the production and consumption of alcoholic beverages. People would have never thought of excoriating alcohol until the 19th century (Tyrrell 16). During this time widespread crime and dismay arose. Some beneficial things did come out of this period of chaos such as women were able to prove themselves as people their temperance movements. 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Psychological Contracts in the Workplace

Question: Discuss about thePsychological Contracts in the Workplace. Answer: Introduction The psychological contract can be termed as the relationship between an employer and its workers, which concerns agreed expectations of the contributions and results. It can also be referred to as the unwritten set of expectations of the entire manager-worker relationship. This institution sets the rules and conditions for the relationship and explains in detail how the work should be done be done. It is often viewed from the employees point of view. From their perspective, the psychological contract is the balance between how they are treated by the employers and what they put into the job. The psychological contract was first introduced in the 1960s when its definitions and descriptions emerged in the works of the theorists Chris Argyris and Edgar Schein. Since then, the concept has been interpreted widely from various perspectives and theories have also been developed to explain it. Many experts and scholars have come up with ideas concerning the concept, and continue to examine it either entirely focusing on it or approaching it from another particular but relative angle. One such expert is Denise Rousseau. Denise is specializes in teaching organizational behavior at Carnegie Mellon University. She developed the concept of organizational contracts in the workplace which represents the agreed beliefs, views and opinions, and informal obligations between employers and employees. Psychological Contracts in a Working Environment: Understanding the Ties that Motivate Objectives In the article, the goals behind Denises research are clearly implied in her research questions. These objectives are: To find out the features and dynamics of psychological contracts. To understand how employers can deploy psychological contracts in ways that can be advantageous to the firm. To explain how employees come up with their own psychological contracts. To find ways in which workers and their managers can come up with common psychological contracts that are advantageous to the firm. With these objectives clearly stated, Denise manages to breakdown her concept into smaller sections that explain and clearly elaborate her ideas and research findings. However as it should be expected, Denises objectives will be found to differ from other similar scholarly articles. This is because although different experts have tackled the psychological contract, they have done so from different perspectives hence developing varied concepts. Theoretical Base Denise M. Rousseau came up with the concept of the psychological contracts in the workplace with the aim of specifying how employers and their workers understand the employment relationship. Understanding and strategically executing these contracts might aid modern firms and business organizations succeed in their goals. Since time immemorial, business organizations have grown in size and complexity. For instance, more female workers have been incorporated in the workforce and the employees are better educated. This has caused differences in views and opinions between the workers and their employers. Moreover, employers are nowadays needed to be exceedingly aggressive to attain new, challenging goals fast and well enough. This brings in the necessity to be different and this can be a cause of insecurity. With this evolution, there has been a routine to standardize rather than personalize the type of employment. Therefore, employers prefer to come up with strategies that promote and acknowledge same chances and rights of employees through professional services from the human resource. Conceptual Underpinnings Having stated her research problems, Denise has explored each of these problems in form of simplified sub-topics or sub-sections. She has tackled the problems by describing her own ideas and also referring to other similar scholarly articles and research studies. The research problems are: Which are the fundamental compositions and sections of psychological contracts? With these dynamics, how can managers execute the contracts in manners which can be advantageous to the firm? How do employees come up with their special contracts? What advise can we give to aid employees and their managers create common and helpful psychological contracts? Arguments Denises concept of psychological contracts in the workplace narrows to the opinion that if workers are happy and contented, then a business firm is more likely to succeed. In other words, it is the employee attitudes that motivate organizational success while performance itself does not motivate much of anything. This implies that much of Denises research has dwelled on individual employee and not organizational productivity. These arguments were raised by a study carried out by the experts Benjamin Schneider, Paul Hanges, Brent Smith and Amy Salvaggio from the University of Maryland. These experts argue that there are recent studies which imply that organizational success motivates the workers attitude as equals to the other way round. Therefore, maybe the link between employee attitudes and the entire organizational performance should be examined. Methods Denise M. Rousseau uses an entirely qualitative approach in her research. She develops an idea then conceptualizes it into a theory. Being a professor, an expert and an outstanding scholar in the field of organizational behavior, she has consulted in diverse organizations and taught in many executive programs therefore gathering extensive amount of information. Denise has also explored works from studies by other scholars which has helped her describe and explain her own work. Sources and Credibility of Evidence The sources of this research are vastly from previous studies of other scholars as well as Denises personal field research. However, her research raises arguments from other experts that may question the credibility of the evidence she produces. The article only focuses on one aspect which is employee satisfaction for organizational performance. Place in the Literature As an astounding professor and behavioral expert, Denises article on psychological contracts in the workplace fall under psychology in literature. She has also carried out other various studies that have sort to explain theories and concepts. Soundness of its Conclusion As she concluded her article, Denise is confident that when carefully executed, the psychological contracts can highly motivate employees and therefore become fundamental building blocks in business firms. Potential Theoretical Contribution The article constitutes a contribution to knowledge since it helps managers and employers come up with practices that will help create a mutual working environment with the employers at the work place. However, the research stands to be expounded and criticized however possible. Ability to be Applied by Managers When clearly understood and well executed, Denises theory can be put to application in modern business firms where positive employment relationship is crucial for the organizations success. Conclusion In summary therefore, I find Rousseaus work effective and credible especially in todays business organizations. However, these contracts develop can be varied from one firm to another. Patience is therefore absolutely necessary when implementing this concept. Contrary too, I think Denise should have developed the concept from atleast two angles so as to reduce arguments and criticisms. Her research largely favours employees, which should not be the case in any workplace. This is because the success of any working firm entails more than just satisfaction of the workforce. References Argyris, Chris. Understanding Organizational Behavior. (Homewood, IU Dorsey Press, 1960). Boddy, John. Negotiating the Psychological Contract. Training Journal, Aug 2000: 10. Jenna Pickup. Conway, Neil Briner, Rob B. Understanding Psychological Contracts at Work: A Critical Evaluation of Theory and Research. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, (2005) Coyle-Shapiro, J. A-M., Kessler. (2002). Exploring reciprocity through the lens of the psychological contract: Employee and employer perspectives. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 11: 69-86 Rousseau, Denise M. Psychological Contracts in the Workplace: Understanding the Ties that Motivate Rousseau, Denise M. (1995). Psychological Contracts in Organizations: Understanding Written and Unwritten Agreements. Rousseau, Denise M. Shperling, Z. (2003). Pieces of the Action: ownership and the Changing Employment Relationship. Shore L. M., et al. (in press). The employee-organization relationship: A timely conceptin a period of transition. Greenwich CT: JAI Press